{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:11:32Z","timestamp":1789099892201,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Specnova LLC"},{"name":"Increnovo LLC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ginger contains gingerols, shagaols, paradols, gingerdiones, and terpenes, which have been shown to display anti-inflammatory properties and inhibit pain receptors. For this reason, ginger has been marketed as a natural analgesic. This study examined whether a specialized ginger extract obtained through supercritical CO2 extraction and subsequent fermentation affects pain perception, functional capacity, and markers of inflammation. Methods: Thirty men and women (56.0 \u00b1 9.0 years, 164.4 \u00b1 14 cm, 86.5 \u00b1 20.9 kg, 31.0 \u00b1 7.5 kg\/m2) with a history of mild to severe joint and muscle pain as well as inflammation participated in a placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-arm study. Participants donated fasting blood, completed questionnaires, rated pain in the thighs to standardized pressure, and then completed squats\/deep knee bends, while holding 30% of body mass, for 3 sets of 10 repetitions on days 0, 30, and 56 of supplementation. Participants repeated tests after 2 days of recovery following each testing session. Participants were matched by demographics and randomized to ingest 125 mg\/d of a placebo or ginger (standardized to contain 10% total gingerols and no more than 3% total shogaols) for 58 days. Data were analyzed by a general linear model (GLM) analysis of variance with repeated measures, mean changes from the baseline with 95% confidence intervals, and chi-squared analysis. Results: There was evidence that ginger supplementation attenuated perceptions of muscle pain in the vastus medialis; improved ratings of pain, stiffness, and functional capacity; and affected several inflammatory markers (e.g., IL-6, INF-\u03d2, TNF-\u03b1, and C-Reactive Protein concentrations), particularly following two days of recovery from resistance exercise. There was also evidence that ginger supplementation increased eosinophils and was associated with less frequent but not significantly different use of over-the-counter analgesics. Conclusions: Ginger supplementation (125 mg\/d, providing 12.5 mg\/d of gingerols) appears to have some favorable effects on perceptions of pain, functional capacity, and inflammatory markers in men and women experiencing mild to moderate muscle and joint pain. Registered clinical trial #ISRCTN74292348.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T15:35:51Z","timestamp":1752852951000},"page":"2365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Ginger Supplementation on Markers of Inflammation and Functional Capacity in Individuals with Mild to Moderate Joint Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5390-5240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Broeckel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Landry","family":"Estes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4209-3885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9216-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Broderick L.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7279-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drew E.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2591-5453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Purpura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Increnovo LLC, Whitefish Bay, WI 53217, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7345-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Increnovo LLC, Whitefish Bay, WI 53217, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3885-4100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Sowinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3906-1658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Kreider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiyama, R. (2020). Nutritional implications of ginger: Chemistry, biological activities and signaling pathways. J. Nutr. Biochem., 86.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108486"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczak, J., Grygiel-G\u00f3rniak, B., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2024). Zingiber Officinale Roscoe: The Antiarthritic Potential of a Popular Spice\u2014Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050741"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/10408391003698669","article-title":"Update on the chemopreventive effects of ginger and its phytochemicals","volume":"51","author":"Baliga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41342-6_8","article-title":"Gingerol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases","volume":"929","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01354J","article-title":"Occurrence, biological activity and metabolism of 6-shogaol","volume":"9","author":"Kou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816364","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/816364","article-title":"A Review on Pharmacological Properties of Zingerone (4-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-butanone)","volume":"2015","author":"Ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146142","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/146142","article-title":"Attenuation of Proinflammatory Responses by S-[6]-Gingerol via Inhibition of ROS\/NF-Kappa B\/COX2 Activation in HuH7 Cells","volume":"2013","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.07.051","article-title":"Effect of 6-gingerol on pro-inflammatory cytokine production and costimulatory molecule expression in murine peritoneal macrophages","volume":"138","author":"Tripathi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.12.013","article-title":"Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exercise","volume":"11","author":"Black","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327117751235","article-title":"Protective mechanisms of 6-gingerol in dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"37","author":"Ajayi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, X., Liu, P., Zheng, B., Zhang, M., Zhang, Y., Xue, Y., Liu, C., Chu, X., Wang, X., and Sun, S. (2022). 6-Gingerol exerts a protective effect against hypoxic injury through the p38\/Nrf2\/HO-1 and p38\/NF-kappaB pathway in H9c2 cells. J. Nutr. Biochem., 104.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.108975"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.07.124","article-title":"Ginger extract and zingerone ameliorated trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis in mice via modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB activity and interleukin-1beta signalling pathway","volume":"136","author":"Hsiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballester, P., Cerda, B., Arcusa, R., Marhuenda, J., Yamedjeu, K., and Zafrilla, P. (2022). Effect of Ginger on Inflammatory Diseases. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217223"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.12.019","article-title":"The hidden mechanism beyond ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) potent in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"214","author":"Ezzat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colletti, A., and Cicero, A.F.G. (2021). Nutraceutical Approach to Chronic Osteoarthritis: From Molecular Research to Clinical Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312920"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2021.1985351","article-title":"Neuropharmacological basis for multimodal analgesia in chronic pain","volume":"134","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6730","article-title":"Clinical trials on pain lowering effect of ginger: A narrative review","volume":"34","author":"Rondanelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Cheon, C., Kim, B., and Kim, W. (2022). The Effect of Ginger and Its Sub-Components on Pain. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11172296"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112396","article-title":"Ginger extract and its compound, 6-shogaol, attenuates painful diabetic neuropathy in mice via reducing TRPV1 and NMDAR2B expressions in the spinal cord","volume":"249","author":"Fajrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2004.07.009","article-title":"Zingiberis rhizoma: A comprehensive review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles","volume":"12","author":"Chrubasik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"96","article-title":"Gastrointestinal safety of novel nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: Selective COX-2 inhibitors and beyond","volume":"78","author":"Coruzzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biomed. Ateneo Parm."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"102","article-title":"Review of the cardiovascular safety of COXIBs compared to NSAIDS","volume":"19","author":"Moodley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"326","article-title":"Ginger: An ancient remedy and modern miracle drug","volume":"66","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hawaii Med. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2010.05355.x","article-title":"Ginger compress therapy for adults with osteoarthritis","volume":"66","author":"Therkleson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5328","article-title":"The Effects of Pre-Exercise Ginger Supplementation on Muscle Damage and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness","volume":"29","author":"Matsumura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/21551197.2016.1206762","article-title":"Effect of Ginger Supplementation on Proinflammatory Cytokines in Older Patients with Osteoarthritis: Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"35","author":"Naderi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2014.12.007","article-title":"Effect of ginger powder supplementation on nitric oxide and C-reactive protein in elderly knee osteoarthritis patients: A 12-week double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Naderi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2016.1236097","article-title":"The effect and safety of highly standardized Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) extract supplementation on inflammation and chronic pain in NSAIDs poor responders. A pilot study in subjects with knee arthrosis","volume":"31","author":"Rondanelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"154","article-title":"The effect of ginger supplementation on IL2, TNFalpha, and IL1beta cytokines gene expression levels in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Aryaeian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2018.1492484","article-title":"A Randomized Double-Blind Trial of Ginger Root for Reducing Muscle Soreness and Improving Physical Performance Recovery Among Experienced Recreational Distance Runners","volume":"17","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Huang, Y., Li, P., Chen, X., Liu, F., and Hou, Q. (2020). Ginger relieves intestinal hypersensitivity of diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome by inhibiting proinflammatory reaction. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03059-3"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unuofin, J.O., Masuku, N.P., Paimo, O.K., and Lebelo, S.L. (2021). Ginger from Farmyard to Town: Nutritional and Pharmacological Applications. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.779352"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"227","article-title":"Postoperative Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effectiveness of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and NSAIDs as Adjuncts to Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy for the Management of Periodontitis","volume":"20","author":"Alshibani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2531::AID-ART433>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis","volume":"44","author":"Altman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0311","article-title":"Comparison of effects of ginger, mefenamic acid, and ibuprofen on pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"15","author":"Ozgoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anh, N.H., Kim, S.J., Long, N.P., Min, J.E., Yoon, Y.C., Lee, E.G., Kim, M., Kim, T.J., Yang, Y.Y., and Son, E.Y. (2020). Ginger on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of 109 Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010157"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Cui, H., Li, X., Askar, G., Yu, J., Hayat, K., Zhang, X., and Ho, C.T. (Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2025). Current progress in the ginger oleoresin: Bioactivities, extraction and encapsulation technologies, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2025.2521651"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.04.066","article-title":"The influence of the storage temperature on the stability of lipid microparticles containing ginger oleoresin","volume":"109","author":"Oriani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Liguori, G., and Medicine, A.C.o.S. (2020). ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1969.10490657","article-title":"Procedures for Detecting Outlying Observations in Samples","volume":"11","author":"Grubbs","year":"1969","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"200","article-title":"Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, cold, and a combination treatment on pain, decreased range of motion, and strength loss associated with delayed onset muscle soreness","volume":"27","author":"Denegar","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1833","article-title":"Validation study of WOMAC: A health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee","volume":"15","author":"Bellamy","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-319X(03)00070-8","article-title":"Assessment of the test-retest reliability and construct validity of a modified Lequesne index in knee osteoarthritis","volume":"70","author":"Faucher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.05.006","article-title":"Assessment of the Lequesne index of severity for osteoarthritis of the hip in an elderly population","volume":"13","author":"Dawson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"52","article-title":"Outcome measures used in patient with knee osteoarthritis: With special importance on functional outcome measures","volume":"13","author":"Samuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection","volume":"30","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1023\/B:QURE.0000015290.76254.a5","article-title":"Performance of the Swedish SF-36 version 2.0","volume":"13","author":"Taft","year":"2004","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aott.2016.08.013","article-title":"Short Form Health Survey version-2.0 Turkish (SF-36v2) is an efficient outcome parameter in musculoskeletal research","volume":"50","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Traumatol. Turc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-019-0301-z","article-title":"Comparison of ingesting a food bar containing whey protein and isomalto-oligosaccharides to carbohydrate on performance and recovery from an acute bout of resistance-exercise and sprint conditioning: An open label, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Grubic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sowinski, R., Gonzalez, D., Xing, D., Yoo, C., Jenkins, V., Nottingham, K., Dickerson, B., Humphries, M., Leonard, M., and Ko, J. (2021). Effects of Inositol-Enhanced Bonded Arginine Silicate Ingestion on Cognitive and Executive Function in Gamers. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113758"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2020.1786207","article-title":"An Examination of a Novel Weight Loss Supplement on Anthropometry and Indices of Cardiovascular Disease Risk","volume":"18","author":"Sowinski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Earnest, C.P., Roberts, B.M., Harnish, C.R., Kutz, J.L., Cholewa, J.M., and Johannsen, N.M. (2018). Reporting Characteristics in Sports Nutrition. Sports, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6040139"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/1875399X00801010003","article-title":"Applications of confidence limits and effect sizes in sport research","volume":"1","author":"Drinkwater","year":"2008","journal-title":"Open Sports Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djw194","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djw194","article-title":"\u201cp < 0.05\u201d Might Not Mean What You Think: American Statistical Association Clarifies P Values","volume":"108","author":"Grabowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"726","article-title":"Beyond statistical significance: Clinical interpretation of rehabilitation research literature","volume":"9","author":"Page","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.sja_158_21","article-title":"Statistical significance or clinical significance? A researcher\u2019s dilemma for appropriate interpretation of research results","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","article-title":"Using Effect Size-or Why the P Value Is Not Enough","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427751","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2024.2427751","article-title":"Impact of astaxanthin supplementation on markers of cardiometabolic health and tactical performance among firefighters","volume":"21","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1236","article-title":"What\u2019s wrong with Bonferroni adjustments","volume":"316","author":"Perneger","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010","article-title":"No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons","volume":"1","author":"Rothman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2013.64.5.402","article-title":"The prevention and handling of the missing data","volume":"64","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"10","article-title":"Missing Data Imputation for Ordinal Data","volume":"181","author":"Quintero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2015-0032","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of ginger in tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Complement. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2014.43719","article-title":"The effect of Zingiber officinale R. rhizomes (ginger) on plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in well-trained male endurance runners","volume":"39","author":"Zehsaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S1063-4584(03)00169-9","article-title":"The effects of Zintona EC (a ginger extract) on symptomatic gonarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Wigler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"3375","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of ginger extract on knee pain, stiffness and difficulty in patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"5","author":"Zakeri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.18.6.653","article-title":"Acute effects of dietary ginger on quadriceps muscle pain during moderate-intensity cycling exercise","volume":"18","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"S11","article-title":"Influence of ginger and cinnamon intake on inflammation and muscle soreness endued by exercise in Iranian female athletes","volume":"4","author":"Mashhadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"261","article-title":"Acute effects of ginger extract on biochemical and functional symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness","volume":"29","author":"Hoseinzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominguez-Balmaseda, D., Diez-Vega, I., Larrosa, M., San Juan, A.F., Issaly, N., Moreno-Perez, D., Burgos, S., Sillero-Quintana, M., Gonzalez, C., and Bas, A. (2020). Effect of a Blend of Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Bixa orellana L. Herbal Supplement on the Recovery of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Induced by Unaccustomed Eccentric Resistance Training: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00826"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.09.024","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ginger in osteoarthritis patients: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials","volume":"23","author":"Bartels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"267","article-title":"Comparing the Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract and ibuprofen On patients with osteoarthritis","volume":"8","author":"Haghighi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.1999.0264","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of ginger extracts and ibuprofen in osteoarthritis","volume":"8","author":"Bliddal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322008000600017","article-title":"Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats","volume":"63","author":"Habib","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"273","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of Zingiber officinale in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"3","author":"Mahluji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"685","article-title":"Obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors after long- term resistance training and ginger supplementation","volume":"10","author":"Atashak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2014.880671","article-title":"The effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and some inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"65","author":"Arablou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1900\/RDS.2014.11.258","article-title":"Effects of Cinnamon, Cardamom, Saffron, and Ginger Consumption on Markers of Glycemic Control, Lipid Profile, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients","volume":"11","author":"Azimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Diabet. Stud."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"S59","article-title":"The efficacy of powdered ginger in osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"95","author":"Niempoog","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/14\/2365\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:12:26Z","timestamp":1760033546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/14\/2365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17142365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17142365","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]}}}