{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:32:06Z","timestamp":1784140326791,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU, Mission 4, Component 2","award":["CUP B93D21010860004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B93D21010860004"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU, Mission 4, Component 2","award":["CUP B53C22006120001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22006120001"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU, Mission 4, Component 2","award":["CUP B53C22004000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22004000006"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU, Mission 4, Component 2","award":["00000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00000024"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014Next Generation EU, Mission 4, Component 2","award":["P202222E45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P202222E45"]}]},{"name":"Project PNC 0000001 D3 4 Health","award":["CUP B93D21010860004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B93D21010860004"]}]},{"name":"Project PNC 0000001 D3 4 Health","award":["CUP B53C22006120001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22006120001"]}]},{"name":"Project PNC 0000001 D3 4 Health","award":["CUP B53C22004000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22004000006"]}]},{"name":"Project PNC 0000001 D3 4 Health","award":["00000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00000024"]}]},{"name":"Project PNC 0000001 D3 4 Health","award":["P202222E45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P202222E45"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP B93D21010860004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B93D21010860004"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP B53C22006120001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22006120001"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP B53C22004000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22004000006"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["00000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00000024"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["P202222E45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P202222E45"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation Europe Grant PE 6 FONDAZIONE HEAL ITALIA \u2018Health Extended Alliance for Innovative Therapies, Advanced Lab-research and Integrated Approaches of Precision Medicine\u2019 PE_00000019","award":["CUP B93D21010860004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B93D21010860004"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation Europe Grant PE 6 FONDAZIONE HEAL ITALIA \u2018Health Extended Alliance for Innovative Therapies, Advanced Lab-research and Integrated Approaches of Precision Medicine\u2019 PE_00000019","award":["CUP B53C22006120001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22006120001"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation Europe Grant PE 6 FONDAZIONE HEAL ITALIA \u2018Health Extended Alliance for Innovative Therapies, Advanced Lab-research and Integrated Approaches of Precision Medicine\u2019 PE_00000019","award":["CUP B53C22004000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22004000006"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation Europe Grant PE 6 FONDAZIONE HEAL ITALIA \u2018Health Extended Alliance for Innovative Therapies, Advanced Lab-research and Integrated Approaches of Precision Medicine\u2019 PE_00000019","award":["00000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00000024"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation Europe Grant PE 6 FONDAZIONE HEAL ITALIA \u2018Health Extended Alliance for Innovative Therapies, Advanced Lab-research and Integrated Approaches of Precision Medicine\u2019 PE_00000019","award":["P202222E45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P202222E45"]}]},{"name":"Generation Europe Grant: Rome Technopole Flagship 4 (FP 4)\u2014Development, innovation and certification of medical and non-medical devices for health","award":["CUP B93D21010860004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B93D21010860004"]}]},{"name":"Generation Europe Grant: Rome Technopole Flagship 4 (FP 4)\u2014Development, innovation and certification of medical and non-medical devices for health","award":["CUP B53C22006120001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22006120001"]}]},{"name":"Generation Europe Grant: Rome Technopole Flagship 4 (FP 4)\u2014Development, innovation and certification of medical and non-medical devices for health","award":["CUP B53C22004000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22004000006"]}]},{"name":"Generation Europe Grant: Rome Technopole Flagship 4 (FP 4)\u2014Development, innovation and certification of medical and non-medical devices for health","award":["00000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00000024"]}]},{"name":"Generation Europe Grant: Rome Technopole Flagship 4 (FP 4)\u2014Development, innovation and certification of medical and non-medical devices for health","award":["P202222E45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P202222E45"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022","award":["CUP B93D21010860004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B93D21010860004"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022","award":["CUP B53C22006120001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22006120001"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022","award":["CUP B53C22004000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B53C22004000006"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022","award":["00000024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00000024"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022","award":["P202222E45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P202222E45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of &gt;10 fluid-filled cysts in the liver. While PLD can occur in isolation, it is most commonly associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, adding complexity to its management. PLD is often asymptomatic but can lead to hepatomegaly, causing symptoms such as abdominal distension, pain and discomfort, early satiety, gastroesophageal reflux, and malnutrition, ultimately affecting patients\u2019 quality of life. Current treatment strategies, including pharmacological and interventional approaches, focus on reducing liver volume and alleviating symptoms. However, management remains largely symptomatic, as no definitive therapies exist to halt cyst progression. Liver transplantation is the only curative option for patients with severe, progressive disease and refractory complications. The EASL guidelines recognize that PLD-related symptoms, primarily due to hepatomegaly, can contribute to involuntary weight loss and recommend assessing symptomatic patients for malnutrition and sarcopenia. Although evidence suggests that patients with PLD may be at risk of malnutrition, original data on the quality and extent of nutritional alterations remain scarce. The potential influence of nutrition on disease progression, symptom burden, and overall well-being is also largely unexplored. Given these knowledge gaps, addressing nutritional challenges, such as early satiety, is essential for optimizing symptom management and maintaining overall nutritional status. This review outlines a possible pathophysiology of malnutrition, specific dietary considerations and recommendations, and weight management in patients with PLD. Additionally, dietary complexities in patients with concurrent renal involvement are discussed, offering a practical framework for clinicians and dietitians in managing this challenging condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1753094131000},"page":"2380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Key Aspects in the Nutritional Management of Polycystic Liver Disease Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8883-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saniya","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6414-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Di Cola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7199-2954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Unit, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8553-5589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flaminia","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Cardinale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3173-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Merli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2022.01.009","article-title":"Polycystic Kidney\/Liver Disease","volume":"26","author":"Roediger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60601-1","article-title":"Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"369","author":"Torres","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v12.i3.72","article-title":"Polycystic Liver Disease: Classification, Diagnosis, Treatment Process, and Clinical Management","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2147\/HMER.S377530","article-title":"Polycystic Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Norcia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatic Med. Evid. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2024.07.010","article-title":"KDIGO 2025 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation, Management, and Treatment of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD): Executive Summary","volume":"107","author":"Torres","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1309280","article-title":"An Update on the Pathophysiology and Management of Polycystic Liver Disease","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2009","article-title":"Estrogens in Polycystic Liver Disease: A Target for Future Therapies?","volume":"41","author":"Aapkes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordido, A., Vizoso-Gonzalez, M., Nu\u00f1ez-Gonzalez, L., Molares-Vila, A., Chantada-Vazquez, M.D.P., Bravo, S.B., and Garcia-Gonzalez, M.A. (2022). Quantitative Proteomic Study Unmasks Fibrinogen Pathway in Polycystic Liver Disease. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020290"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00103-X","article-title":"Alfa and Beta Estrogen Receptors and the Biliary Tree","volume":"193","author":"Alvaro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.06.002","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Cystic Liver Diseases","volume":"77","author":"Drenth","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12387","article-title":"Questionnaire PLD-Complaint-Specific Assessment Identifies Need for Therapy in Polycystic Liver Disease: A Multi-Centric Prospective Study","volume":"11","author":"Billiet","year":"2023","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50006","article-title":"Clinical Profile of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Liver Disease","volume":"37","author":"Qian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640617705577","article-title":"Impact of Liver Volume on Polycystic Liver Disease-Related Symptoms and Quality of Life","volume":"6","author":"Neijenhuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28545","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Disease-Specific Questionnaire to Assess Patient-Reported Symptoms in Polycystic Liver Disease","volume":"64","author":"Neijenhuis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol. Baltim. Md."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Park, H.C., Ryu, H., Kim, K., Kim, H.S., Oh, K.-H., Yu, S.J., Chung, J.W., Cho, J.Y., and Kim, S.H. (2015). Clinical Correlates of Mass Effect in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144526"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodds, R.M., Syddall, H.E., Cooper, R., Benzeval, M., Deary, I.J., Dennison, E.M., Der, G., Gale, C.R., Inskip, H.M., and Jagger, C. (2014). Grip Strength across the Life Course: Normative Data from Twelve British Studies. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113637"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchard, B., Boirie, Y., Cassagnes, L., Lamblin, G., Coilly, A., and Abergel, A. (2020). Assessment of Malnutrition, Sarcopenia and Frailty in Patients with Cirrhosis: Which Tools Should We Use in Clinical Practice?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010186"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, S., Monserrat-Mesquida, M., Ugarriza, L., Casares, M., G\u00f3mez, C., Mateos, D., Angullo-Mart\u00ednez, E., Tur, J.A., and Bouzas, C. (2025). Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Longitudinal and Sustainable Analysis. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030472"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-024-00566-7","article-title":"The Role of Low Glycemic Index and Load Diets in Medical Nutrition Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: An Update","volume":"23","author":"Gerontiti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v3.i5.99","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"3","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s74","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1399","article-title":"Obesity-Associated Liver Disease","volume":"93","author":"Marchesini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04783.x","article-title":"Systematic Review: The Pathophysiology and Management of Polycystic Liver Disease","volume":"34","author":"Temmerman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviscsurg.2018.07.004","article-title":"Treatment of Polycystic Liver Disease. Update on the Management","volume":"155","author":"Aussilhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Visc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Kothadia, J.P., Kreitman, K., and Shah, J.M. (2023). Polycystic Liver Disease, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1990.01410170021003","article-title":"Liver Transplantation for Polycystic Liver Disease","volume":"125","author":"Starzl","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20796","article-title":"Quality of Life and Liver Transplantation in Patients with Polycystic Liver Disease. Liver transplantation: Official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society","volume":"12","author":"Dan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.8290-21","article-title":"Massive Polycystic Liver with a Poor Performance Status Successfully Treated by ABO-Incompatible Adult Living-Donor Liver Transplantation While Overcoming Complications","volume":"61","author":"Takakusagi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.11.024","article-title":"Clinical Management of Polycystic Liver Disease","volume":"68","author":"Banales","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.06.024","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on Nutrition in Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"70","author":"Merli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2017.11.001","article-title":"Nutrition and Muscle in Cirrhosis","volume":"7","author":"Anand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vell, M.S., Creasy, K.T., Scorletti, E., Seeling, K.S., Hehl, L., Rendel, M.D., Schneider, K.M., and Schneider, C.V. (2023). Omega-3 Intake Is Associated with Liver Disease Protection. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1192099"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2337\/dsi23-0009","article-title":"Practical Lifestyle Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease for Busy Clinicians","volume":"37","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectrum."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"147","article-title":"Alcoholic Liver Disease: Pathogenesis and Current Management","volume":"38","author":"Osna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318299c8c1","article-title":"Alcohol-Related Injury to Peribiliary Glands Is a Cause of Peribiliary Cysts: Based on Analysis of Clinical and Autopsy Cases","volume":"48","author":"Matsubara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10121-2","article-title":"How Does Hepatic Lipid Accumulation Lead to Lipotoxicity in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?","volume":"15","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14245","article-title":"Management of Portal Hypertension and Ascites in Polycystic Liver Disease","volume":"39","author":"Bernts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi1","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.099580","article-title":"Guidelines on the Management of Ascites in Cirrhosis","volume":"55","author":"Moore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.12.022","article-title":"ESPEN Guideline on Clinical Nutrition in Liver Disease","volume":"38","author":"Plauth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2022.69","article-title":"Salt Consumption and Mortality Risk in Cirrhotic Patients: Results from a Cohort Study","volume":"11","author":"Hatami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v15.i10.1084","article-title":"Dietary Salt in Liver Cirrhosis: With a Pinch of Salt!","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1148","article-title":"To Salt or Not to Salt?-That Is the Question in Cirrhosis","volume":"38","author":"Haberl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liver Int. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Liver"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2337\/diaspect.29.3.171","article-title":"What the Latest Evidence Tells Us about Fat and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"29","author":"Hayes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coniglio, S., Shumskaya, M., and Vassiliou, E. (2023). Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Immunomodulatory Properties. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020279"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, F., Hu, X., Kimura, T., and Tanaka, N. (2021). Impact of Dietary Fat on the Progression of Liver Fibrosis: Lessons from Animal and Cell Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910303"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7562357","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7562357","article-title":"Total Body Sodium Balance in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"2021","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capelli, I., Lerario, S., Aiello, V., Provenzano, M., Costanzo, R.D., Squadrani, A., Vella, A., Vicennati, V., Poli, C., and Manna, G.L. (2023). Diet and Physical Activity in Adult Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Review of the Literature. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112621"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2023.09.003","article-title":"The Effect of Dietary Protein on the Progression of Polycystic Kidney Disease\u2013A Review on Current Evidences","volume":"51","author":"Pahlavani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V661649","article-title":"Amelioration of Polycystic Kidney Disease by Modification of Dietary Protein Intake in the Rat","volume":"6","author":"Ogborn","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03250410","article-title":"Potentially Modifiable Factors Affecting the Progression of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"6","author":"Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000028643.17901.42","article-title":"Genetics and Pathogenesis of Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"13","author":"Igarashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020010028","article-title":"The Effects of High-Protein Diets on Kidney Health and Longevity","volume":"31","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00798.2019","article-title":"Exercise and Physical Activity in Cirrhosis: Opportunities or Perils","volume":"128","author":"Bellar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"326","article-title":"Exercise Prescription in Patients with Cirrhosis: Recommendations for Clinical Practice","volume":"84","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Gastroenterol. Mex."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457519","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2457519","article-title":"Effectiveness of Abdominal Bracing Core Exercises as Rehabilitation Therapy for Reducing Abdominal Symptoms in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease and Significant Polycystic Liver Disease","volume":"47","author":"Yoo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1053\/jlts.2001.22178","article-title":"Liver Transplantation for Polycystic Liver Disease","volume":"7","author":"Pirenne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Liver Transplant."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.02.012","article-title":"Issues in Multi-Organ Transplantation of the Liver with Kidney or Heart in Polycystic Liver-Kidney Disease or Congenital Heart Disease: Current Practices and Immunological Aspects","volume":"78","author":"Taner","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, H., Kim, H., Park, H.C., Kim, H., Cho, E.J., Lee, K.B., Chung, W., Oh, K.H., Cho, J.Y., and Hwang, Y.H. (2017). Total Kidney and Liver Volume Is a Major Risk Factor for Malnutrition in Ambulatory Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. BMC Nephrol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0434-0"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.51821\/86.2.11485","article-title":"Nutritional Optimization in Liver Transplant Patients: From the Pre-Transplant Setting to Post-Transplant Outcome","volume":"86","author":"Trovato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Gastro-Enterol. Belg."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/14\/2380\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:13:12Z","timestamp":1760033592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/14\/2380"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17142380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17142380","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]}}}