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It is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, both recognized as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study investigated the effects of a refined carbohydrate-rich diet on the vascular reactivity of rat aorta. Methods: We acclimatized adult male Wistar rats for two weeks and then randomly assigned them to two experimental groups: a control (CT) group and a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) group. The CT group received standard laboratory chow for 15 days, while the HCD group received a diet composed of 45% sweetened condensed milk, 10% refined sugar, and 45% standard chow. After the dietary exposure period, we evaluated the vascular reactivity of aortic rings, gene expression related to inflammation, superoxide dismutase activity, and biochemical parameters, including cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and glucose and insulin tolerance. Results: The results demonstrate a reduction in vascular reactivity caused by endothelial alterations, including increased NO production, which was observed as higher vasoconstriction in the presence of L-NAME and aminoguanidine and upregulation of iNOS gene expression. In addition, increased production of free radicals, such as O2-, was observed, as well as immune markers like MCP-1 and CD86 in the HCD group. Additionally, the HCD group showed an increase in the TyG index, suggesting early metabolic impairment. GTT and ITT results revealed higher glycemic levels, indicating early signs of insulin resistance. Conclusions: These findings indicate that short-term consumption of a refined carbohydrate-rich diet may trigger oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T15:00:42Z","timestamp":1753196442000},"page":"2395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Refined Carbohydrate-Rich Diet Reduces Vascular Reactivity Through Endothelial Oxidative Stress and Increased Nitric Oxide: The Involvement of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8141-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karoline","family":"Neumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29040-091, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6754-254X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina Bruna de Souza","family":"Mawandji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29040-091, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingridy Reinholz Grafites","family":"Schereider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29040-091, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-2632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuelle Coutinho","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Program in Nursing and Obstetrics, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29040-091, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2377-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Martins","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Program in Pharmacy, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29040-091, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1244-5667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andressa","family":"Bolsoni-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29040-091, ES, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29040-091, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-4369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jones Bernardes","family":"Graceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29040-091, ES, Brazil"},{"name":"Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia Antonietta","family":"Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29040-091, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena Silveira","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Colleges of 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