{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T04:57:33Z","timestamp":1785128253562,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent pregnancy complication globally. Maternal vitamin D deficiency has been linked to the risk of GDM. The aim of this study was to explore and synthesise current evidence on the association between vitamin D deficiency and the development of gestational diabetes in Western countries. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodological framework. Relevant studies were identified through a comprehensive search across seven databases: ProQuest Public Health, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, The Lancet, BMC Public Health, the International Journal of Women\u2019s Health, and Scopus. Studies were included based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria relevant to the research question. The review followed the JBI protocol, and the PRISMA flowchart was used to guide and visualise the study selection process. Results: Nineteen studies were included in the final analysis, comprising research predominantly from Australia (5), the United States (5), and Canada (4). The findings indicate a notable association between vitamin D deficiency and GDM risk, moderated by factors such as maternal age, ethnicity, seasonal variation, and body mass index (BMI). Older maternal age and higher BMI were linked with lower vitamin D levels and a higher incidence of GDM. Ethnic groups with darker skin tones showed higher rates of vitamin D deficiency, increasing vulnerability to GDM. Seasonal patterns revealed lower vitamin D levels during winter months, correlating with greater GDM risk. These patterns underscore the need for targeted preventive strategies, including the potential role of vitamin D supplementation. Conclusions: This review supports an observed association between maternal vitamin D deficiency and increased GDM risk, influenced by demographic and environmental factors. While the evidence points to a potential preventative role for vitamin D, further high-quality research, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, is essential to establish causality and inform clinical guidelines. The review identifies knowledge gaps and suggests directions for future research and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T11:38:41Z","timestamp":1753443521000},"page":"2429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Western Countries: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Correa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Public Health, Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirukshi","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Public Health, Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Jemutai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Public Health, Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0494-9585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahad","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program of Public Health, Department of Health and Education, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ajlan, A., Al-Musharaf, S., Fouda, M.A., Krishnaswamy, S., Wani, K., Aljohani, N.J., Al-Serehi, A., Sheshah, E., Alshingetti, N.M., and Turkistani, I.Z. (2018). Lower vitamin D levels in Saudi pregnant women are associated with higher risk of developing GDM. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1723-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w20238","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20238","article-title":"High prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency during the first trimester in pregnant women in Switzerland and its potential contributions to adverse outcomes in the pregnancy","volume":"150","author":"Christoph","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E233","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665123003099","article-title":"Dietary nutritional deficiencies identified in women at-risk of developing gestational diabetes across the UK, Ireland, Spain, Australia: The Bump2Baby and Me Study","volume":"82","author":"Craigie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.12.015","article-title":"The influence of maternal BMI and gestational diabetes on pregnancy outcome","volume":"108","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, D., Budhathoki, S., Pokhrel, S., Sah, A.K., Shrestha, R.K., Raya, G.B., Shrestha, R., Pasakhala, R., Smith, C., and Dhoubhadel, B.G. (2019). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their babies in Bhaktapur, Nepal. BMC Nutr., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-019-0294-7"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Jing, W., Ge, S., and Sun, W. (2021). Vitamin D status and vitamin D deficiency risk factors among pregnancy of Shanghai in China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03889-0"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choudhury, A.A., and Rajeswari, V.D. (2021). Gestational diabetes mellitus\u2014A metabolic and reproductive disorder. Biomed. Pharmacother., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112183"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Quintanilla Rodriguez, B.S., Vadakekut, E.S., and Mahdy, H. (2024). Gestational Diabetes. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3515","article-title":"Effect of various doses of vitamin D supplementation on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Zeng, Y., Zhang, Q., and Xiao, X. (2023). The Role of Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency in Offspring Obesity: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030533"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0699-x","article-title":"Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes and Risk of Progression to Type 2 Diabetes: A Global Perspective","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2017.30","article-title":"New insights into the vitamin D requirements during pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Hollis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.107862","article-title":"Vitamin D in pregnancy: A metabolic outlook","volume":"17","author":"Kaushal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalajeewa, Y.D., Hettiaratchi, U.P.K., Amarasekara, T.D., Prathapan, S., and Jayawardane, M.A.M.M. (2023). Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review. J. Biosci. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.4236\/jbm.2023.114016"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flood-Nichols, S.K., Tinnemore, D., Huang, R.R., Napolitano, P.G., and Ippolito, D.L. (2015). Vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123763"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo, G., Garzon, S., Fichera, M., Panella, M.M., Catena, U., Schiattarella, A., de Franciscis, P., Vilos, G., Tesarik, J., and T\u00f6r\u00f6k, P. (2019). Vitamin D and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Is There a Link?. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8110511"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?","volume":"144 Pt A","author":"Palacios","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8366","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7105398","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3979-3","article-title":"Risk factors for gestational diabetes: Is prevention possible?","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.03.007","article-title":"Studying the relation between vitamin D deficiency and glycemic state among pregnant women with gestational diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Azzam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzaei-Azandaryani, Z., Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S., Shaseb, E., Abbasalizadeh, S., and Mirghafourvand, M. (2022). Effects of vitamin D on insulin resistance and fasting blood glucose in pregnant women with insufficient or deficient vitamin D: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Endocr. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01159-4"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.05.022","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes","volume":"207","author":"Burris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.175148","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on gestational diabetes in high-risk women: Results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Shahgheibi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050","article-title":"Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews","volume":"13","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement","volume":"62","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2020). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.05.022","article-title":"Searching two or more databases decreased the risk of missing relevant studies: A metaresearch study","volume":"149","author":"Ewald","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, V., and Clarke, V. (2024). Thematic analysis. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17299-1_3470"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Qiu, C., Hu, F.B., David, R.M., van Dam, R.M., Bralley, A., and Williams, M.A. (2008). Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003753"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02422.x","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D deficiency, ethnicity and gestational diabetes","volume":"25","author":"McElduff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03000.x","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and glycated haemoglobin levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"194","author":"Lau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03550.x","article-title":"Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in early pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Parlea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2012.01.007","article-title":"Vitamin D and gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Poel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12229","article-title":"Early-pregnancy maternal vitamin D status and maternal hyperglycaemia","volume":"30","author":"Tomedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.765849","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0564-4","article-title":"Lower vitamin D levels at first trimester are associated with higher risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"51","author":"Lacroix","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0155","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation and the Effects on Glucose Metabolism During Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"37","author":"Yap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515003980","article-title":"Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk for adverse maternal and infant outcomes in a bi-ethnic cohort: The Behaviors Affecting Baby and You (B.A.B.Y.) Study","volume":"114","author":"Nobles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12182","article-title":"Early Pregnancy Maternal Vitamin D Concentrations and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12278","article-title":"Vitamin D Status and Gestational Diabetes: Effect of Smoking Status during Pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Dodds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, R.L., Leviton, A.J., Leemaqz, S.Y., Anderson, P.H., Grieger, J.A., Grzeskowiak, L.E., Verburg, P.E., McCowan, L., Dekker, G.A., and Bianco-Miotto, T. (2018). Vitamin D levels in an Australian and New Zealand cohort and the association with pregnancy outcome. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1887-x"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8939235","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8939235","article-title":"Vitamin D, Gestational Diabetes, and Measures of Glucose Metabolism in a Population-Based Multiethnic Cohort","volume":"2018","author":"Eggemoen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-09-18-469","article-title":"Early pregnancy vitamin D deficiency and gestational diabetes: Exploring the link","volume":"48","author":"Griew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02360-y","article-title":"Circulating vitamin D and the risk of gestational diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Sadeghian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.04.028","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D status in the first trimester of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus\u2014A nested case\u2013control study","volume":"40","author":"Salakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ag\u00fcero-Domenech, N., Jover, S., Sarri\u00f3n, A., Baranda, J., Quesada-Rico, J.A., Pereira-Exp\u00f3sito, A., Gil-Guill\u00e9n, V., Cort\u00e9s-Castell, E., and Garc\u00eda-Teruel, M.J. (2022). Vitamin D Deficiency and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Relation to Body Mass Index. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010102"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1123","article-title":"A scoping review of scoping reviews: Advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency","volume":"5","author":"Pham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.5.820","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and \u03b2 cell dysfunction123","volume":"79","author":"Chiu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2011.12.009","article-title":"Vitamin D and insulin sensitivity: Can gene association and pharmacogenetic studies of the vitamin D receptor provide clarity?","volume":"61","author":"Vaidya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90397-X","article-title":"Intracellular calcium, insulin secretion, and action","volume":"85","author":"Draznin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.139204","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Mithal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108044","article-title":"Maternal age and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of over 120 million participants","volume":"162","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, F., Khosravi-Boroujeni, H., Khan, M.R., Roy, A.K., and Raqib, R. (2021). Prevalence and Predictors of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency among Pregnant Rural Women in Bangladesh. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020449"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2147\/NDS.S261229","article-title":"Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Iranian Pregnant Women","volume":"12","author":"Sepandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.02.019","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"103","author":"Pasupuleti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2010.03.003","article-title":"Addressing vitamin D deficiency in Canada: A public health innovation whose time has come","volume":"124","author":"Schwalfenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedullo, A.L., Schiattarella, A., Morlando, M., Raguzzini, A., Toti, E., De Franciscis, P., and Peluso, I. (2021). Mediterranean Diet for the Prevention of Gestational Diabetes in the Covid-19 Era: Implications of Il-6 In Diabesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031213"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinaci, S., Ocal, D.F., Yetiskin, D.F.Y., Hendem, D.U., Buyuk, G.N., Ayhan, S.G., Tanacan, A., Ozgu-Erdinc, A.S., Tekin, O.M., and Sahin, D. (2021). Impact of vitamin D on the course of COVID-19 during pregnancy: A case control study. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 213.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105964"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/15\/2429\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:15:55Z","timestamp":1760033755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/15\/2429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17152429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17152429","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]}}}