{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:32:39Z","timestamp":1760059959350,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UC Davis School of Medicine Medical Student Research Support Award"},{"name":"UC Davis School of Medicine TEACH grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Migraine is a debilitating neurologic disorder with diet-related triggers. No studies exist on education on migraine in conjunction with an elimination diet as a non-pharmacologic management approach. Methods: Higher education students who self-reported migraine were enrolled in this observational, pilot feasibility study. At baseline, participants completed questionnaires on demographics, migraine disability, and their understanding of migraine and an elimination diet. After one month of self-paced, asynchronous, online modules, participants were reassessed on their understanding of migraine and an elimination diet. Two months later, participants completed follow-up questionnaires on migraine disability, whether they implemented components of the diet, and any barriers they encountered. Results: Of 66 students who completed baseline measures, 33 completed the modules and all questionnaires. Of participants who completed the study, 100% found the modules helpful in learning about migraine and an elimination diet; 57.6% incorporated aspects of the elimination diet into their lives. Participants had significant (p &lt; 0.001) increases in knowledge both about migraine and an elimination diet. Participants had a potentially clinically significant decrease (14-point MIDAS drop, p = 0.10) in migraine symptoms after completing the educational intervention, with a greater decrease among participants who implemented the elimination diet. Conclusions: It is feasible to design and implement an education intervention on diet for higher education students, though loss to follow-up was high in this population. The majority of participants who completed the modules adopted aspects of an elimination diet, indicating its feasibility. Further studies with a larger sample size powered to assess the efficacy of this approach are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T11:38:41Z","timestamp":1753443521000},"page":"2432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Online, Asynchronous Education Modules on Migraine Severity and Elimination Diet Use Among Higher Education Students: An Observational, Pilot Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9846-8233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh Thanh T.","family":"Vo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0858-5050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda K.","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1445-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9015-2800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Sayaseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Andrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ekpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0199-9675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Dossett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30322-3","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache, 1990\u20132016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"Stovner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global Incidence, Prevalence, Years Lived with Disability (YLDs), Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs), and Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) for 371 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories and 811 Subnational Locations, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Ferrari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.10.005","article-title":"National Trends in Direct Health Care Expenditures Among US Adults With Migraine: 2004 to 2013","volume":"18","author":"Raval","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14120","article-title":"Patient-Identified Most Bothersome Symptom in Preventive Migraine Treatment with Eptinezumab: A Novel Patient-Centered Outcome","volume":"61","author":"Lipton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01369-6","article-title":"Is There a Causal Relationship between Stress and Migraine? Current Evidence and Implications for Management","volume":"22","author":"Stubberud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waliszewska-Pros\u00f3\u0142, M., Nowakowska-Kotas, M., Chojdak-\u0141ukasiewicz, J., and Budrewicz, S. (2021). Migraine and Sleep\u2014An Unexplained Association?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115539"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazerani, P. (2020). Migraine and Diet. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061658"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2015","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing","volume":"97","author":"Goadsby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00631.x","article-title":"Patterns of Diagnosis and Acute and Preventive Treatment for Migraine in the United States: Results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study","volume":"47","author":"Diamond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00716.x","article-title":"Psychological Risk Factors in Headache","volume":"47","author":"Nicholson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00453.x","article-title":"Migraine Care among Different Ethnicities: Do Disparities Exist?","volume":"46","author":"Nicholson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Disorders Affecting the Nervous System, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.01.001","article-title":"Sleep in a Large, Multi-University Sample of College Students: Sleep Problem Prevalence, Sex Differences, and Mental Health Correlates","volume":"4","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.041007638.x","article-title":"Migraine Diagnosis and Treatment: Results from the American Migraine Study II","volume":"41","author":"Lipton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.02.002","article-title":"Healthcare Renunciation among Young Adults in French Higher Education: A Population-Based Study","volume":"99","author":"Baggio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05091.x","article-title":"Why Should Physicians Care about Behavioral Research?","volume":"45","author":"Maizels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.86a.19009","article-title":"SEEDS for Success: Lifestyle Management in Migraine","volume":"86","author":"Robblee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cleve Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1991.1102093.x","article-title":"Chocolate Is a Migraine-Provoking Agent","volume":"11","author":"Gibb","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.suppl_1.S20","article-title":"Development and Testing of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) Questionnaire to Assess Headache-Related Disability","volume":"56","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01339-y","article-title":"Minimal Important Change and Responsiveness of the Migraine Disability Assessment Score (MIDAS) Questionnaire","volume":"22","author":"Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00428.x","article-title":"The Impact of Intensive Patient Education on Clinical Outcome in a Clinic-Based Migraine Population","volume":"46","author":"Rothrock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01480-2","article-title":"Does MIDAS Reduction at 3 Months Predict the Outcome of Erenumab Treatment? A Real-World, Open-Label Trial","volume":"23","author":"Vaghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102415620286","article-title":"Screen Time Exposure and Reporting of Headaches in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"36","author":"Montagni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/15\/2432\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:15:58Z","timestamp":1760033758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/15\/2432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17152432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17152432","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]]}}}