{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:12:03Z","timestamp":1788959523947,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences, Ministry of Education at Shanghai University of Sport","award":["2025KF0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KF0005"]}]},{"name":"Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences, Ministry of Education at Shanghai University of Sport","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Human Performance at Shanghai University of Sport","award":["2025KF0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025KF0005"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Human Performance at Shanghai University of Sport","award":["11DZ2261100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11DZ2261100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of caffeinated chewing gum on maximal strength, muscular power, and neural drive to the prime movers during bench press and back squat in resistance-trained men. Methods: Sixteen resistance-trained males participated in a double-blind, randomized trial, chewing either caffeinated gum (4 mg\/kg) or placebo gum on two separate occasions, seven days apart. After chewing for 5 min, participants performed a maximal strength test followed by muscular power assessments at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 90% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM), completing with 3, 2, 1, and 1 repetition (s), respectively, for bench press and back squat. Surface electromyography data were recorded for each repetition. Results: Caffeinated gum did not significantly improve one-repetition maximum (1RM) for bench press (p &gt; 0.05), but increased mean frequency (MF) and median frequency (MDF) in anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, and biceps brachii (all p &lt; 0.05) compared to placebo. For back squat, 1RM increased with caffeinated gum, along with higher MF and MDF in vastus medialis (all p &lt; 0.05). Caffeinated gum also improved mean and peak velocities, and mean and peak power outputs at 25\u201375% 1RM during the bench press (all p &lt; 0.05), along with elevated MDF in pectoralis major and biceps brachii (all p &lt; 0.05). Similar improvements were seen in mean and peak velocities during the back squat at 25\u201390% 1RM (all p &lt; 0.05), along with higher MF and MDF in vastus medialis and increased normalized root mean square activity in gluteus maximus (all p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Caffeinated chewing gum (4 mg\/kg) enhanced muscular power (25\u201375% 1RM) in the bench press and improved maximal strength and muscular power (25\u201390% 1RM) in the back squat by increasing muscle recruitment in resistance-trained men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T14:05:47Z","timestamp":1753711547000},"page":"2455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Caffeinated Chewing Gum on Maximal Strength, Muscular Power, and Muscle Recruitment During Bench Press and Back Squat Exercises"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences (Ministry of Education), Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1634-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3157-099X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tze-Huan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9995-408X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathew","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North 4443, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1206-3614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Physical Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2323-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinhang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences (Ministry of Education), Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"},{"name":"School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-182X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth 6800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2019-0004","article-title":"Time course of recovery is similar for the back squat, bench press, and deadlift in well-trained males","volume":"44","author":"Belcher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. 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