{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T20:33:40Z","timestamp":1788554020143,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Improvements in depression and anxiety, associated with moderate increases in physical activity, might induce reductions in emotional eating, especially in women with obesity, where emotion-driven eating is highly problematic. This pilot, field-based study sought to assess whether physical activity increase, itself, primarily predicts improved mood (biochemical theories) or if psychosocial factors associated with cognitive\u2013behavioral treatment are principal correlates (behavioral theories). An aim was to inform improved treatment processes. Methods: Women with obesity participated in 6-month community-based behavioral obesity treatments emphasizing either: (a) standard education in weight-reduction methods (n = 28), (b) eating-related self-regulation methods (n = 24), or (c) self-regulation + relaxation training (n = 24). They completed a series of behavioral and psychological self-reports at baseline and Months 3 and 6. Results: Findings confirmed no significant difference in 3-month increases in physical activity, by group. There were significantly greater overall improvements in depression, emotional eating, self-regulation, and self-efficacy across the two self-regulation-focused groups (ps &lt; 0.02), with anxiety improvement not reaching significance (p = 0.055). Separate significant paths from 3-month changes in depression and anxiety \u2192 self-efficacy change \u2192 emotional eating change were found. The same significant path was detected emanating from 6-month anxiety change; however, the hypothesized path of 6-month changes in depression \u2192 self-regulation \u2192 self-efficacy \u2192 emotional eating was, rather, significant. Weight reduction was considerably greater in the two self-regulation-based groups (~6% reduction), with simultaneously entered changes in self-regulation and self-efficacy significant predictors of those weight changes. Conclusions: Findings suggested viability in behavioral theory-driven explanations of the physical activity-mood improvement relationship. Future treatment foci on self-regulatory skills development leading to improvements in eating-related self-efficacy, emotional eating, and weight were suggested to extend the findings of this pilot study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T12:39:29Z","timestamp":1753792769000},"page":"2475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Depression and Anxiety Changes Associated with Matched Increases in Physical Activity in Education-, Self-Regulation-, and Self-Regulation Plus Relaxation-Based Obesity Treatments in Women: A Pilot Study Investigating Implications for Controlling Emotional Eating"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5230-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James J.","family":"Annesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955, USA"},{"name":"Mind Body Wellbeing, LLC, Manahawkin, NJ 08050, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-0666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven B.","family":"Machek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinesiology Department, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2021 US Obesity Forecasting Collaborators (2024). 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