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Methods: In this study, the probiotic properties of Lactobacillus paracaseiL21 (L. paracaseiL21) and its ability to ameliorate colitis were evaluated using an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal crypt epithelial cell (IEC-6) model and an in vivo dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mouse model. Results: In vitro, L. paracaseiL21 decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-8) while increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels (p &lt; 0.05) in LPS-induced IEC-6 cells, significantly enhancing the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1), thereby restoring the intestinal barrier. In vivo, both viable L. paracaseiL21 and its heat-inactivated postbiotic (H-L21) mitigated weight loss, colon shortening, and disease activity indices, concurrently reducing serum LPS and proinflammatory mediators. Interventions inhibited NF-\u03baB signaling while activating HIF1\u03b1\/AhR pathways, increasing IL-22 and mucin MUC2 to restore goblet cell populations. Gut microbiota analysis showed that both interventions increased the abundance of beneficial gut bacteria (Lactobacillus, Dubococcus, and Akkermansia) and improved faecal propanoic acid and butyric acid levels. H-L21 uniquely exerted an anti-inflammatory effect, marked by the regulation of Dubosiella, while L. paracaseiL21 marked by the Akkermansia. Conclusions: These results highlight the potential of L. paracaseiL21 as a candidate for the development of both probiotic and postbiotic formulations. It is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the management of UC and to drive the development of the next generation of UC therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T11:54:51Z","timestamp":1754308491000},"page":"2537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Lacticaseibacillus paracasei L21 and Its Postbiotics Ameliorate Ulcerative Colitis Through Gut Microbiota Modulation, Intestinal Barrier Restoration, and HIF1\u03b1\/AhR-IL-22 Axis Activation: Combined In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jingru","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Grain Engineering, Heilongjiang Jiaotong Polytechnic, Harbin 161000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuehua","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bailiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8827-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00871-3","article-title":"Neutrophils: From IBD to the gut microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Danne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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