{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T09:34:47Z","timestamp":1775554487332,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1185416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1185416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Vitamin D testing has increased significantly in developed countries in recent decades. We aimed to describe trends in vitamin D testing rates and factors associated with testing and vitamin D deficiency in Queensland, Australia (2011\u20132019). Methods: We used data from the QSkin Sun and Health Study (n = 40,417), a prospective population-based cohort study with linkage to the Medicare Benefits Schedule, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, and pathology laboratories. Main outcomes included age-standardized incidence rate of vitamin D testing; having \u22651 vitamin D test during follow-up; vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration &lt;50 nmol\/L) in the first vitamin D test; and repeat vitamin D tests. Results: The age-standardized incidence rate of testing increased by 2% per quarter during follow-up. Of the 35,250 participants analyzed for associations with testing (median age of 57 years, 52% female), 45% had \u22651 vitamin D test. Among those tested, 56% had no apparent clinical indication for their initial vitamin D test, 21% were vitamin D deficient in their initial test, and 58% had a repeat test. Repeat testing occurred in 56% who were not deficient in their prior test, while only two-thirds of those deficient received a follow-up assessment. Participants who visited a general practitioner \u22652 times in the year prior to follow-up were 60% more likely to have \u22651 vitamin D test compared with those with no visit, but general practitioner (GP) visits were not associated with risk of vitamin D deficiency. Conclusions: These results suggest that initiatives are needed to help clinicians target vitamin D testing in alignment with clinical guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T13:11:11Z","timestamp":1754313071000},"page":"2549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factors Associated with Vitamin D Testing: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Queensland, Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2754-6850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vu","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald S. A.","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"},{"name":"Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia"},{"name":"Medical School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4483-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1462-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nirmala","family":"Pandeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Waterhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Whiteman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002955","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002955","article-title":"Evidence of overtesting for vitamin D in Australia: An analysis of 4.5\u2005years of Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) data","volume":"3","author":"Bilinski","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2013-0149-OA","article-title":"Trends in laboratory test volumes for Medicare part B reimbursements, 2000\u20132010","volume":"138","author":"Shahangian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. 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