{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:58Z","timestamp":1760060158303,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cancer is a complex disease that affects patients\u2019 nutritional and psychological status. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of patients diagnosed with lung and gastrointestinal system cancers and evaluate its association with anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake, and psychological symptoms. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 180 patients with lung and gastrointestinal system cancers. Data were collected face-to-face by a questionnaire that included the Subjective Global Assessment-(SGA), Cachexia Assessment Criteria, 24 h Food Consumption Record, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised-(SCL-90-R). Some anthropometric measurements were collected. Results: Body Mass Index (BMI) was found to be significantly lower (p &lt; 0.001) in SGA-B (moderately malnourished) and SGA-C (severely malnourished) compared to those in SGA-A (well-nourished). The calf circumference was significantly lower (p = 0.002) in SGA-C compared to those in SGA-A and SGA-B. The mean SGA scores were found to be higher in cachexia-diagnosed participants (p &lt; 0.001). The energy intake of SGA-C was significantly lower than SGA-A and SGA-B (p &lt; 0.001). In addition, the energy intake of SGA-B was lower than SGA-A (p &lt; 0.001). The protein intake of SGA-C was lower than SGA-A and SGA-B (p &lt; 0.001). The protein intake of SGA-B was lower than SGA-A (p &lt; 0.001). Regarding the intake of vitamins A, C, E, B1, and B6 and carotene, folate, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc, SGA-B and SGA-C were significantly lower than SGA-A (p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, only phobic anxiety was found to be significantly higher in SGA-B than in SGA-A (p: 0.024). Conclusions: As the level of malnutrition increased, a reduction in some nutrient intake and anthropometric measurements was observed. No significant difference was found in any psychological symptoms except phobic anxiety. With this in mind, it is important that every cancer patient, regardless of the stage of the disease, is referred to a dietitian from the time of diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T15:30:06Z","timestamp":1754321406000},"page":"2551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Cross-Sectional Study: Association Between Nutritional Quality and Cancer Cachexia, Anthropometric Measurements, and Psychological Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Cahit","family":"Erkul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University, Mersin 99138, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2491-7609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taygun","family":"Dayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University, Mersin 99138, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Near East University Hospital, Mersin 99138, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melin Aydan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pinar","family":"Saip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adile","family":"Oniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Graduate Studies, Near East University, Mersin 99138, Turkey"},{"name":"Brain and Conscious States Research and Application Center, Near East University, Mersin 99138, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, September 04). World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.iarc.who.int\/news-events\/new-report-on-global-cancer-burden-in-2022-by-world-region-and-human-development-level\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01433-9","article-title":"Malnutrition, sarcopenia and cachexia: Exploring prevalence, overlap, and perceptions in older adults with cancer","volume":"78","author":"Bullock","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.09.004","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition","volume":"36","author":"Cederholm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2017.06.017","article-title":"ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition","volume":"36","author":"Arends","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"79","article-title":"Medical nutrition treatment in cancer patients","volume":"59","author":"Muhsiroglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gulhane Tip. Derg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113502674","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition and current use of nutrition support in patients with cancer","volume":"38","author":"Michallet","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1919","article-title":"The nutritional risk in oncology: A study of 1453 cancer outpatients","volume":"20","author":"Bozzetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79884","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20168","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition in patients at first medical oncology visit: The PreMiO study","volume":"8","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.04.007","article-title":"Prevalence of malnutrition and impact on clinical outcomes in cancer services: A comparison of two time points","volume":"38","author":"Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10753","article-title":"Importance of addressing malnutrition in cancer and implementation of a quality improvement project in a gastrointestinal cancer clinic","volume":"37","author":"Levonyak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.2944","article-title":"Depression in cancer patients: Pathogenesis, implications and treatment (review)","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198204223061606","article-title":"Nutritional assessment: A comparison of clinical judgment and objective measurements","volume":"306","author":"Baker","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/014860718701100108","article-title":"What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status?","volume":"11","author":"Detsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10613","article-title":"Evaluation of nutrition status using the subjective global assessment: Malnutrition, cachexia, and sarcopenia","volume":"36","author":"Duerksen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(197710)33:4<981::AID-JCLP2270330412>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: A study in construct validation","volume":"33","author":"Derogatis","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"5","article-title":"Belirti Tarama Listesi (SCL-90-R)\u2019nin \u00dcniversite \u00d6\u011frencileri i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenirli\u011fi ve ge\u00e7erli\u011fi","volume":"2","year":"1991","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk. Psikiyatr. Derg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bossi, P., Delrio, P., Mascheroni, A., and Zanetti, M. (2021). The spectrum of malnutrition\/cachexia\/sarcopenia in oncology according to different cancer types and settings: A narrative review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061980"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-024-00578-0","article-title":"The importance of nutrition in cancer care: A narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Soares","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111688","article-title":"Reference values of low body mass index, mid-upper arm circumference, and calf circumference in cancer patients: A nationwide multicenter observational study","volume":"99","author":"Zhuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12761","article-title":"Association of systemic inflammation with survival in patients with cancer cachexia: Results from a multicentre cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2020-002296","article-title":"The patient-generated subjective global assessment is a promising screening tool for cancer cachexia","volume":"12","author":"Cong","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of body composition: A critical review of the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis","volume":"2","author":"Mialich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23642","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023642","article-title":"Measurement of body mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis and computed tomography in cancer patients with malnutrition\u2013a cross-sectional observational study","volume":"99","author":"Mueller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00844-8","article-title":"Nutritional features-based clustering analysis as a feasible approach for early identification of malnutrition in patients with cancer","volume":"75","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-010-9534-z","article-title":"Comparison of PG-SGA, SGA and body-composition measurement in detecting malnutrition among newly diagnosed lung cancer patients in stage IIIB\/IV and benign conditions","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravasco, P. (2019). Nutrition in cancer patients. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081211"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1877","article-title":"A systematic review examining nutrition support interventions in patients with incurable cancer","volume":"28","author":"Blackwood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.07.015","article-title":"ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients","volume":"36","author":"Arends","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pkad035","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkad035","article-title":"Nutrition as prevention for improved cancer health outcomes: A systematic literature review","volume":"7","author":"Parsons","year":"2023","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectrum."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"2020073","article-title":"Evaluation of preoperative nutritional status of patients with gastrointestinal cancer using different nutritional screening tests","volume":"22","author":"Kaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2022.8832","article-title":"Psychiatric Symptoms in Oncological Patients at Nuclear Medicine Department","volume":"10","author":"Vargol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"5","article-title":"Correlation of Psychological Disturbances and Serum Cortisol Level in Lung Cancer","volume":"2","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Adv. Stud. (IJIRAS)"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/15\/2551\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:23:06Z","timestamp":1760034186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/15\/2551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17152551"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17152551","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]}}}