{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T21:29:10Z","timestamp":1778880550367,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University\u2013Industry Cooperation Fund, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan","award":["NTSU No.1131079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTSU No.1131079"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Exercise-induced fatigue arises primarily from energy substrate depletion and the accumulation of metabolites such as lactate and ammonia, which impair performance and delay recovery. Emerging evidence implicates gut microbiota modulation\u2014particularly via probiotics\u2014as a means to optimize host energy metabolism and accelerate clearance of fatigue-associated by-products. Objective: This study aimed to determine whether live or heat-inactivated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei NB23 can enhance exercise endurance and attenuate fatigue biomarkers in a murine model. Methods: Forty male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomized into four groups (n = 10 each) receiving daily gavage for six weeks with vehicle, heat-killed NB23 (3 \u00d7 1010 cells\/human\/day), low-dose live NB23 (1 \u00d7 1010 CFUs\/human\/day), or high-dose live NB23 (3 \u00d7 1010 CFUs\/human\/day). Forelimb grip strength and weight-loaded swim-to-exhaustion tests assessed performance. Blood was collected post-exercise to measure serum lactate, ammonia, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine kinase (CK). Liver and muscle glycogen content was also quantified, and safety was confirmed by clinical-chemistry panels and histological examination. Results: NB23 treatment produced dose-dependent improvements in grip strength (p &lt; 0.01) and swim endurance (p &lt; 0.001). All NB23 groups exhibited significant reductions in post-exercise lactate (p &lt; 0.0001), ammonia (p &lt; 0.001), BUN (p &lt; 0.001), and CK (p &lt; 0.0001). Hepatic and muscle glycogen stores rose by 41\u201359% and 65\u2013142%, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). No changes in food or water intake, serum clinical-chemistry parameters, or tissue histology were observed. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that both live and heat-treated L. paracasei NB23 may contribute to improved endurance performance, increased energy reserves, and faster clearance of fatigue-related metabolites in our experimental model. However, these results should be interpreted cautiously given the exploratory nature and limitations of our study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T08:33:06Z","timestamp":1754555586000},"page":"2568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Supplementation with Live and Heat-Treated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei NB23 Enhances Endurance and Attenuates Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mon-Chien","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 333325, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Yin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 333325, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping-Jui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Bellus Enterprise Co., Ltd., Tainan 720008, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Bellus Enterprise Co., Ltd., Tainan 720008, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Hsuan","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Bellus Enterprise Co., Ltd., Tainan 720008, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 333325, Taiwan"},{"name":"Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Business, Taipei 10051, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1446-6787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Chang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 333325, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1302","article-title":"Exercise-Induced Central Fatigue: Biomarkers and Non-Medicinal Interventions","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordeiro, L.M.S., Rabelo, P.C.R., Moraes, M.M., Teixeira-Coelho, F., Coimbra, C.C., Wanner, S.P., and Soares, D.D. 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