{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T11:53:42Z","timestamp":1792756422281,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and alopecia areata (AA) impose significant psychosocial burdens. While pharmacological and surgical treatments exist, the role of dietary factors remains underexplored due to methodological limitations in observational studies. This Mendelian randomization (MR) study investigates causal relationships between 187 dietary exposures and hair loss, leveraging genetic variants to address confounding biases. Methods: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from 161,625 UK Biobank participants were analyzed, focusing on food preferences and intake patterns. Genetic instruments for each of the 187 dietary exposures were selected at a genome-wide significance threshold (p &lt; 5 \u00d7 10\u22128), with rigorous sensitivity analyses (MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO) to validate causality. Outcomes included AA and AGA datasets from the FinnGen consortium. Results: MR analysis identified 18 specific dietary exposures significantly associated with non-scarring hair loss (FDR &lt; 0.05). Protective effects emerged for antioxidant-rich dietary exposures, represented by higher preferences for melon, onions, and tea. Elevated risks were observed for certain exposures, including croissants, goat cheese, and whole milk. Alcohol consumption exhibited the strongest risk associations. Our extensive analysis of alcohol intake, combining data from multiple studies, consistently identified it as a significant risk factor for both alopecia areata and androgenetic alopecia. Conclusions: These findings imply modifiable dietary patterns in hair loss pathophysiology. A dual strategy is proposed: prioritizing polyphenol-rich plant foods while minimizing pro-inflammatory triggers like processed carbohydrates and alcohol. Clinically, tailored dietary adjustments\u2014reducing ultra-processed foods and alcohol\u2014may complement existing therapies for hair loss management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T09:25:52Z","timestamp":1754558752000},"page":"2569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Association Between Multidimensional Dietary Patterns and Non-Scarring Hair Loss Using Mendelian Randomization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lingfeng","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Moog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caihong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Steinbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5798-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Knoedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2340-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haydar","family":"K\u00fckrek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Dornseifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Isar Klinikum, 80331 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-G\u00fcnther","family":"Machens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7078-3715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.02.054","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Treatments for Androgenetic Alopecia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"77","author":"Adil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-019-00479-x","article-title":"Female Androgenetic Alopecia: An Update on Diagnosis and Management","volume":"21","author":"Starace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.05.086","article-title":"Association between Alopecia Areata, Anxiety, and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"88","author":"Okhovat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-021-02247-6","article-title":"The Association between Alopecia Areata and Anxiety, Depression, Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder: A Population-Based Study","volume":"314","author":"Berzin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.06.047","article-title":"Psychosocial and Psychiatric Comorbidities and Health-Related Quality of Life in Alopecia Areata: A Systematic Review","volume":"85","author":"Toussi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.17643","article-title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Comorbidities in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis, Psoriasis, Alopecia Areata, and Vitiligo Using a Japanese Claims Database","volume":"52","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"221","article-title":"New Treatments for Hair Loss","volume":"108","author":"Camacho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"12","article-title":"Adverse Sexual Effects of Treatment with Finasteride or Dutasteride for Male Androgenetic Alopecia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2012.08.015","article-title":"Nutrition and Hair: Deficiencies and Supplements","volume":"31","author":"Finner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0285-x","article-title":"The Role of Micronutrients in Alopecia Areata: A Review","volume":"18","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1159\/000504786","article-title":"The Role of Diet as an Adjuvant Treatment in Scarring and Nonscarring Alopecia","volume":"6","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ski. Appendage Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wr\u00f3blewska-Ko\u0144czalik, K., Pawlaczyk, M., Kolasi\u0144ski, J., Kolenda, M., Miechowicz, I., Seraszek-Jaros, A., Kroma-Szal, A., and Gornowicz-Porowska, J. (2024). Non-Cicatricial Alopecia and Its Association with Anthropometric Measurements and Nutritional Laboratory Markers. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14050609"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1391","article-title":"The Role of Hyperglycemia in the Induction of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Process","volume":"27","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazmi, S., Sepehrinia, M., Pourmontaseri, H., Bazyar, H., Vahid, F., Farjam, M., Dehghan, A., H\u00e9bert, J.R., Homayounfar, R., and Shakouri, N. (2024). Androgenic Alopecia Is Associated with Higher Dietary Inflammatory Index and Lower Antioxidant Index Scores. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1433962"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv027","article-title":"Contribution of Food Prices and Diet Cost to Socioeconomic Disparities in Diet Quality and Health: A Systematic Review and Analysis","volume":"73","author":"Darmon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045030","article-title":"Accounting for Confounding in Observational Studies","volume":"16","author":"Lahey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Using Mendelian Randomization: The STROBE-MR Statement","volume":"326","author":"Skrivankova","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38426","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038426","article-title":"Elucidating Causal Relationships of Diet-Derived Circulating Antioxidants and the Risk of Non-Scarring Alopecia: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"103","author":"Ba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.4867","article-title":"Evaluation of the Safety and Effectiveness of Nutritional Supplements for Treating Hair Loss: A Systematic Review","volume":"159","author":"Drake","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petermann-Rocha, F., Wirth, M.D., Boonpor, J., Parra-Soto, S., Zhou, Z., Mathers, J.C., Livingstone, K., Forrest, E., Pell, J.P., and Ho, F.K. (2023). Associations between an Inflammatory Diet Index and Severe Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Prospective Study of 171,544 UK Biobank Participants. BMC Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02793-y"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg264","article-title":"A Comparison of a Food Frequency Questionnaire with a 24-Hour Recall for Use in an Epidemiological Cohort Study: Results from the Biomarker-Based Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) Study","volume":"32","author":"Schatzkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30187-w","article-title":"Large-Scale GWAS of Food Liking Reveals Genetic Determinants and Genetic Correlations with Distinct Neurophysiological Traits","volume":"13","author":"Matoba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirastu, N., McDonnell, C., Grzeszkowiak, E.J., Mounier, N., Imamura, F., Merino, J., Day, F.R., Zheng, J., Taba, N., and Concas, M.P. (2022). Using Genetic Variation to Disentangle the Complex Relationship between Food Intake and Health Outcomes. PLoS Genet., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010162"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0307-5","article-title":"Association Studies of up to 1.2 Million Individuals Yield New Insights into the Genetic Etiology of Tobacco and Alcohol Use","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0653-z","article-title":"New Alcohol-Related Genes Suggest Shared Genetic Mechanisms with Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"3","author":"Evangelou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.08.004","article-title":"High-Coverage Whole-Genome Sequencing of the Expanded 1000 Genomes Project Cohort Including 602 Trios","volume":"185","author":"Evani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8","article-title":"FinnGen Provides Genetic Insights from a Well-Phenotyped Isolated Population","volume":"613","author":"Kurki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr036","article-title":"Avoiding Bias from Weak Instruments in Mendelian Randomization Studies","volume":"40","author":"Burgess","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","article-title":"Mendelian Randomization Analysis with Multiple Genetic Variants Using Summarized Data","volume":"37","author":"Burgess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian Randomization with Invalid Instruments: Effect Estimation and Bias Detection through Egger Regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent Estimation in Mendelian Randomization with Some Invalid Instruments Using a Weighted Median Estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.05.014","article-title":"Constrained Maximum Likelihood-Based Mendelian Randomization Robust to Both Correlated and Uncorrelated Pleiotropic Effects","volume":"108","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of Widespread Horizontal Pleiotropy in Causal Relationships Inferred from Mendelian Randomization between Complex Traits and Diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0011-z","article-title":"Using Published Data in Mendelian Randomization: A Blueprint for Efficient Identification of Causal Risk Factors","volume":"30","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300085","article-title":"Using Mendelian Randomisation to Assess Causality in Observational Studies","volume":"22","author":"Pagoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemani, G., Tilling, K., and Davey Smith, G. (2017). Orienting the Causal Relationship between Imprecisely Measured Traits Using GWAS Summary Data. PLoS Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/117101"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1547","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Prevalence: I2 Statistic and How to Deal with Heterogeneity","volume":"13","author":"Migliavaca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00547-7","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Risk of Alopecia Areata: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan","volume":"21","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llad084","article-title":"Association of Alopecia Areata with Alcohol Use Disorder, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Insomnia: A Case-Control Analysis Using the All of Us Research Programme","volume":"48","author":"Joshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_1147_2023","article-title":"Association between PITX2 Polymorphism and Androgenetic Alopecia in the Indian Population","volume":"91","author":"Murugan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20211","article-title":"Psychosocial and Mental Impact of Alopecia Areata: Analysis of the Danish Skin Cohort","volume":"39","author":"Clemmesen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. JEADV"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butts, M., Sundaram, V.L., Murughiyan, U., Borthakur, A., and Singh, S. (2023). The Influence of Alcohol Consumption on Intestinal Nutrient Absorption: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071571"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.05.005","article-title":"Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress","volume":"81","author":"Das","year":"2007","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxicity, Metabolism, and Mitigation Strategies of Acrylamide: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"34","author":"Karami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15627","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12775-3","article-title":"Acrylamide in Bread: A Review on Formation, Health Risk Assessment, and Determination by Analytical Techniques","volume":"28","author":"Khorshidian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rondinella, D., Raoul, P.C., Valeriani, E., Venturini, I., Cintoni, M., Severino, A., Galli, F.S., Mora, V., Mele, M.C., and Cammarota, G. (2025). The Detrimental Impact of Ultra-Processed Foods on the Human Gut Microbiome and Gut Barrier. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050859"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-023-00808-1","article-title":"Alopecia Areata: Current Treatments and New Directions","volume":"24","author":"Dahabreh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03624-x","article-title":"Obesity Accelerates Hair Thinning by Stem Cell-Centric Converging Mechanisms","volume":"595","author":"Morinaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111804","article-title":"Consumption of Fish Oil High-Fat Diet Induces Murine Hair Loss via Epidermal Fatty Acid Binding Protein in Skin Macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13993","article-title":"Cholesterol Homeostasis: Links to Hair Follicle Biology and Hair Disorders","volume":"29","author":"Palmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.11.006","article-title":"Treatment of Alopecia Areata with Simvastatin\/Ezetimibe","volume":"72","author":"Lattouf","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisp.2017.10.013","article-title":"Treatment of Alopecia Areata with Simvastatin\/Ezetimibe","volume":"19","author":"Cervantes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.09.001","article-title":"Novel Insights of Dietary Polyphenols and Obesity","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"551","article-title":"Human Hair Growth Enhancement in Vitro by Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG)","volume":"14","author":"Kwon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133000","article-title":"Extraction, Derivatization and Antioxidant Activities of Onion Polysaccharide","volume":"388","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlcek, J., Jurikova, T., Skrovankova, S., and Sochor, J. (2016). Quercetin and Its Anti-Allergic Immune Response. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050623"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordeiro, G.S., Santos, L.S., Vieira, G.P., Esp\u00edrito-Santo, D.A., Teixeira, R.S., Matos, R.J.B., Costa, C.A.S., Deir\u00f3, T.C.B.J., and Barreto-Medeiros, J.M. (2023). Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Obesity Effects of Onion and Its by-Products in High-Fat Fed Rodents: A Systematic Review. Braz. J. Biol. Rev. Brasleira Biol., 83.","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.266108"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.02.002","article-title":"Onion Quercetin Monoglycosides Alter Microbial Activity and Increase Antioxidant Capacity","volume":"56","author":"Milala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11567","article-title":"Vitamin A Alleviates Heat Stress-Induced Damage to Hair Follicle Development in Rex Rabbits","volume":"102","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-024-01149-7","article-title":"Lifestyle Changes and Industrialization in the Development of Allergic Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., Nan, F., Liang, H., Shu, P., Fan, X., Song, X., Hou, Y., and Zhang, D. (2022). Excessive Intake of Sugar: An Accomplice of Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.988481"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"agae076","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agae076","article-title":"Exploring the Association between Alcohol Consumption and Androgenic Alopecia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/15\/2569\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T02:23:48Z","timestamp":1775442228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/15\/2569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17152569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17152569","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]}}}