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the Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["PD 146014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD 146014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Eating has been suggested to be one of the most important hedonic behaviors. Anhedonia, a symptom of depression, may be associated with decreased food intake, although increase of food intake could be a symptom of depression as well. Our aim was to explore the association of mood-related symptoms and anhedonia with carbohydrate and sugar intake in never-depressed control persons and depressed patients. Methods: In a large UK Biobank sample (&gt;100,000), two-way regression models were constructed: first, for two lifetime depression variables (ICD-10 and CIDI), two current depression scores (PHQ-9 and a four-item score), and two anhedonia items as outcomes with 14 nutrient predictors, and then in the opposite direction, with nutrients as outcomes. Results: Energy density, free sugar, lactose, other sugars, and sucrose intake were higher, while fructose and glucose intake were lower in depressed patients compared to control subjects. Strong positive associations were found among energy measures, carbohydrate, free sugar, lactose, maltose, other sugars, and sucrose intake and almost all depression measures, including anhedonia. These associations were similar in the total sample and in the never-depressed control subjects as well. In contrast, fructose and glucose intake showed negative associations with the majority of the above measures. Sex, age, BMI, and Townsend deprivation index as predictors failed to show major effects on these associations. Conclusions: Our results suggest that consumption of high-energy food and sugar may be generally employed to alleviate mood disturbances and anhedonia in high-income countries by depressed patients and by never-depressed subjects, although the effects of sugars on depression cannot be ruled out.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T09:04:53Z","timestamp":1754903093000},"page":"2594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Consumption of High-Energy Food and Sugar Shows a Strong Positive Association with Low Mood in Control Subjects and Depressed Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tabita","family":"Dobai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center of Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i Street 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7826-9179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Baksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center of Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i Street 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Personality and Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Miksz\u00e1th K\u00e1lm\u00e1n t\u00e9r 1, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i Street 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9015-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xenia","family":"Gonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center of Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i Street 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i Street 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Gyulai P\u00e1l utca 2, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i \u00fat 25, H-1091 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5975-4267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Juhasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center of Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i Street 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"NAP3.0-SE Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i Street 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Eszlari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center of Pharmacology 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