{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:20:29Z","timestamp":1783552829628,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: This study aimed to investigate how sarcopenia and nutritional risk influence all-cause mortality among older individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: In view of the presence of sarcopenia, defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria, and nutritional risk, as determined by the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), a total of 396 participants were divided into four distinct groups (group 1: no nutritional risk and no sarcopenia, n = 306; group 2: nutritional risk and no sarcopenia, n = 32; group 3: no nutritional risk and sarcopenia, n = 36; and group 4: nutritional risk and sarcopenia, n = 22). Mortality risk was assessed through time-to-event analysis using Cox regression. Results: Throughout the 86-month median follow-up, 31 participants died. Compared to group 1, hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality of groups 2, 3, and 4 were 9.08 (95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.44\u201333.8), 9.08 (95% CI: 2.44\u201333.8), and 14.0 (95% CI: 4.62\u201342.4), respectively. The risk of death was significantly higher in groups 2, 3, and 4 compared to group 1. Additionally, group 4 had a significantly higher risk of death than group 3. However, no significant difference in mortality risk was observed between groups 3 and 4 when compared to group 2. Conclusions: Coexistence of nutritional risk and sarcopenia was linked to an increased risk of mortality across older individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. There was no significant difference in mortality between individuals presenting or not presenting with sarcopenia within the nutritional risk group; therefore, greater attention should be directed toward malnutrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T13:30:38Z","timestamp":1755091838000},"page":"2622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mortality Risk of Sarcopenia and Malnutrition in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5617-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinta","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8794-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Osaka 570-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuyuko","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, Osaka Railway Hospital, Osaka 545-0053, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8703-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuto","family":"Saijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9603-1802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chihiro","family":"Munekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3209-1790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanako","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3263-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriyuki","family":"Kitagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetology, Kameoka Municipal Hospital, Kameoka 621-0826, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rieko","family":"Nakatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Osaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ayabe City Hospital, Ayabe 623-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1707-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0092-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoko","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saori","family":"Majima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1031-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emi","family":"Ushigome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8651-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahide","family":"Hamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0903-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiaki","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Cabinet Office Japan (2025, June 01). 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