{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:43:11Z","timestamp":1781710991295,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, the Czech Republic","award":["SVV-2023-260656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SVV-2023-260656"]}]},{"name":"Cooperation Program","award":["SVV-2023-260656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SVV-2023-260656"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide health problem associated with various health complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D supplementation in the Czech Republic, understand reasons for supplementation, and assess participants\u2019 knowledge of vitamin D\u2019s physiological effects. Methods: The study included 1812 participants representing the Czech population aged 15+, stratified by gender, age, and regional distribution. Data analysis was performed using SASD 1.5.8, using chi2 independence tests and regression analysis. Results: The results revealed that only 13.5% of the participants maintained regular year-round vitamin D supplementation, while 51.5% never supplemented. A slight increase in supplementation was observed during the pandemic (2020\u20132021). Supplementation patterns were influenced by socioeconomic factors including age, gender, marital status, income, employment, and education (p &gt; 0.001). Regarding vitamin D knowledge, 67.5% and 65.6% of participants recognized its role in immune system modulation and bone health, respectively. There were minor misconceptions, with 1.4% believing that it aggravates allergies and 1.8% linking it to cancer. Knowledge levels varied with education and residence size. Conclusions: Despite the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the Czech population, regular supplementation remains low, indicating the need for enhanced prevention programs and awareness campaigns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T13:30:38Z","timestamp":1755091838000},"page":"2623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitamin D Supplementation in the Czech Republic: Socioeconomic Determinants and Public Awareness Gaps"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9865-9991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drahomira","family":"Holmannova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hodac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8580-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lenka","family":"Borska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3413-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Cermakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenka","family":"Hodacova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Miller, D.D., Li, W., Slominski, A., and Cucchiarini, M. (2021). Non-Musculoskeletal Benefits of Vitamin D beyond the Musculoskeletal System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042128"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2023.104866","article-title":"A Review of the Critical Role of Vitamin D Axis on the Immune System","volume":"132\u2013133","author":"Daryabor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunlop, E., Pham, N.M., Van Hoang, D., Mazahery, H., Neo, B., Shrapnel, J., Kalmpourtzidou, A., Chai, K.E.K., Ng, L., and Black, L.J. (2025). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Vitamin D Status Worldwide. J. Public Health.","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaf080"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, A., Zhang, T., Xiao, P., Fan, Z., Wang, H., and Zhuang, Y. (2023). Global and Regional Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Population-Based Studies from 2000 to 2022: A Pooled Analysis of 7.9 Million Participants. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1070808"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raymond-Lezman, J.R., and Riskin, S.I. (2023). Benefits and Risks of Sun Exposure to Maintain Adequate Vitamin D Levels. Cureus, 15.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38578"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1673-6","article-title":"Geographic and Socioeconomic Diversity of Food and Nutrient Intakes: A Comparison of Four European Countries","volume":"58","author":"Mertens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delrue, C., and Speeckaert, M.M. (2023). Vitamin D and Vitamin D-Binding Protein in Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054642"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-01023-2","article-title":"About the Associations of Vitamin D Deficiency and Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammatory Response with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in a General Population Sample of Almost 400,000 UK Biobank Participants","volume":"38","author":"Sha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2023.100804","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency, Inflammation, and Diminished Endogenous Regenerative Capacity in Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"3","author":"Desai","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-025-01587-0","article-title":"High Prevalence of Low Vitamin D Status in the Czech Republic: A Retrospective Study of 119,925 Participants","volume":"79","author":"Holmannova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pludowski, P., Grant, W.B., Karras, S.N., Zittermann, A., and Pilz, S. (2024). Vitamin D Supplementation: A Review of the Evidence Arguing for a Daily Dose of 2000 International Units (50 \u039cg) of Vitamin D for Adults in the General Population. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030391"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03124-w","article-title":"Long-Term Supplementation with 3200 to 4000 IU of Vitamin D Daily and Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"62","author":"Zittermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04547","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2016.4547","article-title":"Dietary Reference Values for Vitamin D","volume":"14","author":"Bresson","year":"2016","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0858","article-title":"Preventing Vitamin D Deficiency during the COVID-19 Pandemic: UK Definitions of Vitamin D Sufficiency and Recommended Supplement Dose Are Set Too Low","volume":"21","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2025, February 04). Age Structure of the Population\u20142022|Products, Available online: https:\/\/csu.gov.cz\/produkty\/age-structure-of-the-population-2022."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad010","article-title":"Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in South America: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"81","author":"Mendes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1990850","article-title":"High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.08.008","article-title":"Relative Importance of Summer Sun Exposure, Vitamin D Intake, and Genes to Vitamin D Status in Dutch Older Adults: The B-PROOF Study","volume":"164","author":"Vaes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2016-7","article-title":"Vitamin D Status among Adults in Germany\u2014Results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1)","volume":"15","author":"Rabenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloepi.2024.100170","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Ukraine: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"8","author":"Shatylo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2050482","article-title":"The Relationship between Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Vitamin D Status","volume":"2","author":"Engelsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-019-0137-2","article-title":"Estimation of Exposure Durations for Vitamin D Production and Sunburn Risk in Switzerland","volume":"29","author":"Religi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2025, July 15). USDA Description Measure Vitamin D (IU) per Measure, Available online: https:\/\/www.nal.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/page-files\/Vitamin%20DIU.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12108","article-title":"Vitamin D: An Overview of Vitamin D Status and Intake in Europe","volume":"39","author":"Spiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210282","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0282","article-title":"100 Years of Vitamin D: Global Differences in Vitamin D Status and Dietary Intake: A Review of the Data","volume":"11","author":"Cashman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischofova, S., Dofkova, M., Blahova, J., Kavrik, R., Nevrla, J., Rehurkova, I., and Ruprich, J. (2018). Dietary Intake of Vitamin D in the Czech Population: A Comparison with Dietary Reference Values, Main Food Sources Identified by a Total Diet Study. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101452"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stacho\u0144, M., and Lachowicz, K. (2025). Assessment of Determinants of Dietary Vitamin D Intake in a Polish National Sample of Male Adolescents. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17122024"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saternus, R., Vogt, T., and Reichrath, J. (2019). A Critical Appraisal of Strategies to Optimize Vitamin D Status in Germany, a Population with a Western Diet. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112682"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1586-9","article-title":"Modelling of Adequate and Safe Vitamin D Intake in Danish Women Using Different Fortification and Supplementation Scenarios to Inform Fortification Policies","volume":"58","author":"Tetens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13578","article-title":"Real-World Evidence for the Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation in Reduction of Total and Cause-Specific Mortality","volume":"293","author":"Sha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanna, N.K., Karki, M., Webber, I., Alaa, A., El-Costa, A., and Blair, M. (2023). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Associated with Vitamin D Supplementation: A Cross-Sectional Online Community Survey of Adults in the UK. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.18.23284714"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paparodis, R.D., Bantouna, D., Karvounis, E., Zoupas, I., Livadas, S., Angelopoulos, N., Imam, S., Papadimitriou, D.T., and Jaume, J.C. (2023). Intense Testing and Use of Vitamin D Supplements Leads to Slow Improvement in Vitamin D Adequacy Rates: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Real-World Data. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010111"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060241238824","article-title":"Knowledge of Vitamin D and Practices of Vitamin D Supplementation in a Scottish Adult Population: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"31","author":"Zaremba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Mishra, S., Stierman, B., Gahche, J.J., and Potischman, N. (2021). Dietary Supplement Use among Adults: United States, 2017\u20132018. NCHS Data Brief., 1\u20138."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015001950","article-title":"Determinants of Vitamin D Supplement Use in Canadians","volume":"20","author":"McCormack","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-007-0650-2","article-title":"Lifestyle and Diet in People Using Dietary Supplements: A German Cohort Study","volume":"46","author":"Reinert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahdavi-Roshan, M., Rezazadeh, A., Joukar, F., Khorshidi, Y., Naghipour, M., and Mansour-Ghanaei, F. (2021). Dietary Supplements Consumption and Its Association with Socioeconomic Factors, Obesity and Main Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases in the North of Iran: The PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS). BMC Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-021-00488-2"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-01793-w","article-title":"Children\u2019s Education and Parents\u2019 Dietary Nutrient Intake: An Empirical Study Based on Rural China","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiba, T., Kobayashi, E., Okura, T., Sekimoto, M., Mizuno, H., Saito, M., and Umegaki, K. (2020). An Educational Intervention Improved Knowledge of Dietary Supplements in College Students. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08786-3"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2025, February 06). COVID-19: Dopl\u0148ky Stravy P\u0159i Pandemii|NZIP. Available online: https:\/\/www.nzip.cz\/clanek\/1082-covid-19-doplnky-stravy-pri-pandemii."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01614-4","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation and Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Pal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e197","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980024001873","article-title":"Associations between Pre-Infection Serum Vitamin D Concentrations and Omicron COVID-19 Incidence, Severity and Reoccurrence in Elderly Individuals","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tariq, A., Khan, S.R., and Basharat, A. (2020). Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice towards Vitamin D among University Students in Pakistan. BMC Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8453-y"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"e33756","article-title":"Public Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Vitamin D Deficiency in Al-Qunfudhah Governorate, Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Alkalash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zadka, K., Pa\u0142kowska-Go\u017adzik, E., and Roso\u0142owska-Huszcz, D. (2018). The State of Knowledge about Nutrition Sources of Vitamin D, Its Role in the Human Body, and Necessity of Supplementation among Parents in Central Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071489"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alibrahim, H., Swed, S., Bohsas, H., Abouainain, Y., Jawish, N., Diab, R., Ishak, A., Saleh, H.H., Nasif, M.N., and Arafah, R. (2024). Assessment the Awareness of Vitamin D Deficiency among the General Population in Syria: An Online Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18376-2"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.12775\/QS.2023.14.01.009","article-title":"Vitamin D\u2014Knowledge among People about Its Properties and Effects Based on Anonymous Surveys","volume":"14","year":"2023","journal-title":"Qual. Sport"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwabena, A.A., Appiah, B., Danso, S.A., Agomuo, S.K.S., Kwarteng, S., Senu, E., Effah, A., Sakyi, S.A., and Fondjo, L.A. (2025). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Vitamin D among Adults in Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21370-x"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zgliczy\u0144ski, W.S., Zgliczy\u0144ski, Z., Rostkowska, O.M., Sarecka-Hujar, B., and Carlberg, C. (2021). Vitamin D Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Polish Medical Doctors. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072443"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00594","DOI":"10.34172\/jrhs.2023.129","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 134,000 Individuals in 29 Randomized Clinical Trials and 157,000 Individuals in 30 Prospective Cohort Studies: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Rasouli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.01.020","article-title":"The Associations of Serum Vitamin D Status and Vitamin D Supplements Use with All-Cause Dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, and Vascular Dementia: A UK Biobank Based Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-230802","article-title":"Relationship between Serum Vitamin D Levels and the Prevalence of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Retrospective Study on 3424 Subjects","volume":"32","author":"Tekeli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, H., Kwon, Y.D., and Noh, J.W. (2022). Financial Burden of Catastrophic Health Expenditure on Households with Chronic Diseases: Financial Ratio Analysis. BMC Health Serv. Res., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07922-6"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2022-219891","article-title":"Inequalities in the Impact of Having a Chronic Disease on Entering Permanent Paid Employment: A Registry-Based 10-Year Follow-up Study","volume":"77","author":"Robroek","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-022-10041-y","article-title":"The Cross-Country Comparison Model for Labor Participation (CCC Model for LP) of Persons with Chronic Diseases","volume":"32","author":"Houkes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Occup. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11114","article-title":"The Relation of the Chronic Disease Epidemic to the Health Care Crisis","volume":"2","author":"Holman","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4752","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad583","article-title":"Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in the European Union: A Population-Based Cost Study","volume":"44","author":"Gray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/16\/2623\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:26:44Z","timestamp":1760034404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/16\/2623"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17162623"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17162623","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}}}