{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T15:21:14Z","timestamp":1792250474945,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Health Department","award":["RC 2003090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2003090"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Health Department","award":["CA009142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA009142"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Health Department","award":["D43 TW000013-21S2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW000013-21S2"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Health Department","award":["D43 TW000013-20S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW000013-20S"]}]},{"name":"NIH National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services","award":["RC 2003090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2003090"]}]},{"name":"NIH National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services","award":["CA009142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA009142"]}]},{"name":"NIH National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services","award":["D43 TW000013-21S2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW000013-21S2"]}]},{"name":"NIH National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services","award":["D43 TW000013-20S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW000013-20S"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/Fogarty","award":["RC 2003090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2003090"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/Fogarty","award":["CA009142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA009142"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/Fogarty","award":["D43 TW000013-21S2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW000013-21S2"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/Fogarty","award":["D43 TW000013-20S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW000013-20S"]}]},{"name":"Alper Research Program of Environmental Genomics of the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center","award":["RC 2003090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2003090"]}]},{"name":"Alper Research Program of Environmental Genomics of the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center","award":["CA009142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA009142"]}]},{"name":"Alper Research Program of Environmental Genomics of the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center","award":["D43 TW000013-21S2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW000013-21S2"]}]},{"name":"Alper Research Program of Environmental Genomics of the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center","award":["D43 TW000013-20S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW000013-20S"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Identifying dietary factors influencing liver cancer is crucial for developing preventive measures. While tea polyphenols have demonstrated cancer-preventive activities in animal models, the evidence in humans is not definitive. This study aims to explore the association between tea consumption and liver cancer, as well as the interaction between tea drinking and other risk factors, in China, a country with a high incidence of liver cancer and substantial tea consumption. Methods: A population-based case\u2013control study was conducted in Jiangsu Province from 2003 to 2010. Socio-demographic data, history of tea consumption, and serum markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections were evaluated. Unconditional logistic regression was used to examine the associations between tea consumption and the odds of liver cancer. Potential interactions between tea consumption and other major liver cancer risk factors were assessed. Results: A total of 2011 incident liver cancer cases and 7933 controls were included in the analysis. Regular tea drinking showed an inverse association with the risk of liver cancer compared with those who never drank tea (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.63\u20130.99). Current tea drinking showed an inverse association with liver cancer (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.39\u20130.66), while former tea drinking showed a positive association (OR: 3.56; 95% CI: 2.42\u20135.23). Current tea consumption was inversely associated with liver cancer incidence among both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.28\u20130.73) and HBsAg negative participants (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.36\u20130.73), among both never and ever tobacco smokers, ever alcohol drinkers (OR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.33\u20130.63), and among those without family history of liver cancer. Multiplicative and additive interactions were observed between tea drinking and HBsAg, alcohol consumption, and history of raw water drinking. Conclusions: Tea consumption is inversely associated with the development of primary liver cancer, with potential interactions involving HBV infection, alcohol consumption, and raw (unsafe) water drinking. Increasing tea consumption\u2014particularly among high-risk populations such as individuals who consume alcohol\u2014may serve as an additional preventive measure for liver cancer. This should be considered alongside established strategies, including HBV vaccination, alcohol cessation, and avoidance of drinking raw water, to help reduce liver cancer risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T10:33:42Z","timestamp":1755254022000},"page":"2647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tea Consumption and Liver Cancer: A Population-Based Case\u2013Control Study in Eastern China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aileen","family":"Baecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8091-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1704-382X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing-Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9184-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Kou","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4669-3995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuo-Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 CA, USA"},{"name":"Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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