{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T14:59:27Z","timestamp":1775141967338,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Katz family Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Certain foods and specific drugs have been linked to epilepsy in the literature. Here, we query PubMed citations for the co-occurrence of epilepsy with foods and drugs, using a list of 217,776 molecules from the HMDB. Notably, the top associations with epilepsy include approved drugs and drug families, diagnostic markers, inducers, and vitamins. Drugs include fosphenytoin (40%), topiramate (37%), valproic acid (34%), hydantoin (20%), phenytoin (31%), carbamazepine (33%), carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (40%), trimethadione (31%), gabapentin (14%), pregabalin (11%), flunarizine (7%), fenfluramine (4%), bumetanide (4%), KBr (18%), cannabidiol (14%), clonazepam (22%), nitrazepam (10%), diazepam (7%), lorazepam (6%), midazolam (3%), amobarbital (21%), phenobarbital (16%), flumazenil (7%) allopregnanolone (7%), pregnanolone (6%), epipregnanolone (6%), 3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (6%), and vitamin B6 (6%). Drug families and scaffolds include imidazolidine (18%), succinimide (10%), acetamide (7%), 2-pyrrolidinone (7%), pyrrolidine (6%), tetrahydropyridine (6%), and isoxazole (4%). Investigational compounds include cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (5%). Diagnostic markers include exametazime (10%) and quinolinic acid (3%). Inducers include flurothyl (37%), pentetrazol (32%), pilocarpine (25%), (+)-Bicuculline (8%), and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 6%). Our analysis highlights frequently cited associations between epilepsy and specific drugs and highlights the importance of supplementing nutrients with vitamin B6 and the ketogenic diet, which increases the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)\/glutamate ratio. As such, our study offers dietary approaches in the treatment of this neurodegenerative disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T10:59:01Z","timestamp":1755601141000},"page":"2676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Drugs and Nutrients in Epilepsy: Vitamin B6 and the Ketogenic Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shani","family":"Bahalul-Yarchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feigy","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Ben Zaken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim O.","family":"Sawaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5492-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lior","family":"Segev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Mesfin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1131-2198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pnina","family":"Frankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4511-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahaf","family":"Ezzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7436-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham O.","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57193-5_12","article-title":"Neurodegeneration and Pathology in Epilepsy: Clinical and Basic Perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Farrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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