{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:37:09Z","timestamp":1790829429048,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Aims: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic conditions marked by dysregulated inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Although the pathophysiology of IBD remains incompletely understood, it involves complex interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers, such as gut microbiota imbalances and immune dysfunction, leading to chronic inflammation and mucosal injury. IBD affects approximately 7 million individuals globally, with prevalence increasing in Europe, North America, and Oceania. This rise parallels the growing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), which are typically rich in sugars, fats, and additives but low in fiber, vitamins, and other essential nutrients. These associations, this review critically examines the influence of UPF consumption on gut microbiota composition and function and its potential link to IBD. Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted in the SciELO, PubMed, and Cochrane databases. Results and Conclusions: High UPF consumption is associated with intestinal dysbiosis, marked by reduced microbial diversity, decreased short-chain fatty acid production, impaired barrier integrity, and mucus layer disruption. These alterations may promote immune-mediated diseases, including IBD, where dysbiosis is often characterized by an overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium and Enterococcus, ultimately triggering inflammatory responses in the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T10:59:01Z","timestamp":1755601141000},"page":"2677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Ultra-Processed Foods, Gut Microbiota, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Critical Review of Emerging Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1125-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Lu\u00edsa","family":"Spiller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-686, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0554-9126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Gabriela da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-686, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4894-0750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan Nunes Yoshio","family":"Yoshihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-686, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7719-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enya Julia Zucari","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-686, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4458-1716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Salvador","family":"Castelhano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-686, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2922-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1737-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maiara","family":"Brusco De Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PREDICT), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University (AAU), 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8180-6254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dani\u00e9la Oliveira","family":"Magro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7319-8906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligia","family":"Yukie Sassaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-686, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13126","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13126","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Foods and the Nutrition Transition: Global, Regional and National Trends, Food Systems Transformations and Political Economy Drivers","volume":"21","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. 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