{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T18:50:12Z","timestamp":1769885412266,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University School of Physical Education in Krakow","award":["100\/MN\/INB\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100\/MN\/INB\/2017"]}]},{"name":"University School of Physical Education in Krakow","award":["107\/BS\/INB\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107\/BS\/INB\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Rational dietary patterns and adequate nutritional status support athlete health and performance, while unhealthy habits may impair these outcomes. This study aimed to identify dietary patterns among Polish professional athletes using a food frequency questionnaire and assess their correlations with nutritional status indicators. Methods: Participants included 226 elite Polish athletes (aged 16\u201339 years; 87 women, 139 men) from various sports disciplines. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were identified through principal component factor analysis. Nutritional status was evaluated using anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance, and selected blood biochemical markers. Spearman\u2019s rho correlations were applied to explore associations between dietary patterns and nutritional status. Results: Eight dietary patterns were identified: \u2018High-fat\u2019, \u2018Sweets and beverages\u2019, \u2018Potentially rational\u2019, \u2018Vegetables and fruits\u2019, \u2018Meat and flour\u2019, \u2018Low-fat\u2019, \u2018Dairy\u2019, and \u2018Juices\u2019. Of the two patterns considered unhealthy, \u2018High-fat\u2019 was associated with anthropometric indices\u2014positively with the slenderness index and negatively with body mass index, particularly among men. Positive correlations with favorable nutritional indicators were observed for the \u2018Vegetables and fruits\u2019 pattern (arm muscle circumference, BMI, serum uric acid, hydration status), \u2018Low-fat\u2019 (body fat percentage), \u2018Dairy\u2019 (serum creatinine), and \u2018Juices\u2019 (serum creatinine, total protein, chlorine, uric acid). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the identified dietary patterns are original and specific to Polish professional athletes. Determining the relationships between nutritional factors and anthropometric and biochemical indices may inform dietary modifications among athletes to ensure optimal nutritional status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T15:29:29Z","timestamp":1755617369000},"page":"2685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Status of Polish Elite Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3063-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florentyna","family":"Tyra\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Dietetics, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Gorskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5673-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Fr\u0105czek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Culture in Krakow, Jana Pawla II 78, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.12.006","article-title":"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance","volume":"116","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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