{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:24:52Z","timestamp":1789421092389,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In Poland, the consumption of energy drinks among young people has changed significantly following the introduction of a ban on sales to minors. This regulatory measure was intended to address growing concerns about the health effects of high caffeine consumption among teenagers. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency, preferences, and determinants of energy drink consumption among Polish adolescents aged 15\u201317 years, following the introduction of the legal ban on the sale of energy drinks to minors. Methods: The study was conducted in Poland in 2024, following the introduction of a law prohibiting the sale of energy drinks to minors. The study group consisted of 999 high school students aged 15\u201317 who completed an anonymous, author-designed survey. Data were then collected and analyzed for descriptive statistics, and chi-square tests were used for categorical variables, Mann\u2013Whitney U tests and Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests for group comparisons, and Spearman\u2019s rank correlation for ordinal data. Results: In total, 52% of respondents declared that they consume energy drinks, and 68% reported a reduced intake after the introduction of the regulations prohibiting sales to minors. These drinks are more frequently consumed by males. Additionally, age and frequency of consumption were positively correlated. The factors most often influencing the choice of energy drinks were price, taste, package size, caffeine content, composition, and recommendations from friends. Conclusions: Although a large percentage of minors still consume energy drinks, the new regulations have had an impact on reducing their intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:18:14Z","timestamp":1755695894000},"page":"2689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Frequency, Preferences, and Determinants of Energy Drink Consumption Among Young Polish People After the Introduction of the Ban on Sales to Minors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Musz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum of Rzeszow University, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Smor\u0105g","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum of Rzeszow University, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ry\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Club of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum of Rzeszow University, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Gargasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Analysis Laboratory, Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4766-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Polak-Szczyby\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Psychology, Collegium Medicum of Rzeszow University, ul. Warzywna 1a, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738120949181","article-title":"Energy Drinks and Their Adverse Health Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Nadeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"The evaluation of energy drinks consumption and their influence on people\u2019s health on the basis of opinions provided by students of Wroclaw universities","volume":"20","author":"Pawlas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. \u015ar."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantino, A., Maiese, A., Lazzari, J., Casula, C., Turillazzi, E., Frati, P., and Fineschi, V. (2023). The Dark Side of Energy Drinks: A Comprehensive Review of Their Impact on the Human Body. 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