{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:00:04Z","timestamp":1772643604128,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","award":["APQ-03440-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-03440-22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The impact of nutritional interventions on Sj\u00f6gren disease (SD) remains uncertain, and no standardized guidelines currently exist for managing its sicca symptoms. This systematic review evaluated the effects of dietary interventions on the symptoms of dry mouth and dry eyes in individuals with SD. Methods: Electronic searches were performed in four databases, supplemented by manual searches and searches of the gray literature. Both human and animal studies were included. The methodological quality of the selected studies was appraised, and the data were analyzed descriptively. Results: A total of nineteen studies (ten in humans and nine in animal models) were included. The treatments evaluated were dietary supplements, vitamins, medicinal herbs, and specially modified diets. The primary outcomes assessed included unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rates, salivary-gland inflammation, and ocular dryness (Schirmer test). In animal models of SD, interventions such as caloric restriction, gluten-free diets, low-fat diets, and supplements (e.g., resveratrol, triptolide, and Lycium barbarum polysaccharide) were associated with increased salivary flow and reduced glandular inflammation. Conversely, diets rich in saturated fats were associated with reduced salivary flow and increased lymphocytic infiltration in salivary glands. Human studies yielded mixed results, with some reporting improvements in salivation following interventions with vitamins, herbal supplements, gluten-free diets, liquid diets, and whole-food, plant-based diets. Conclusions: Although dietary management may alleviate sicca symptoms and improve nutritional status in SD, the current evidence is insufficient to support specific recommendations for the management of oral symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T03:34:15Z","timestamp":1756092855000},"page":"2743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nutritional Intervention for Sj\u00f6gren Disease: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fernanda Luiza Ara\u00fajo de Lima","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology, and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joyce Elisa","family":"Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren Frenzel","family":"Schuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Area, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica (UDELAR), Montevideo 14600, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6599-3950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alcides Almeida","family":"de Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology, and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6013-9344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maur\u00edcio Augusto Aquino","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology, and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5535-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora Cerqueira","family":"Calderaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Locomotor System, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7423-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina Chaves","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7820-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia Ferreira","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology, and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9623-7835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarc\u00edlia Aparecida","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Pathology, and Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos, 6627, Room 3204, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae152","article-title":"British Society for Rheumatology guideline on management of adult and juvenile onset Sj\u00f6gren disease","volume":"64","author":"Price","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parisis, D., Chivasso, C., Perret, J., Soyfoo, M.S., and Delporte, C. (2020). Current state of knowledge on primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome, an autoimmune exocrinopathy. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072299"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16047","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.47","article-title":"Sj\u00f6gren syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Baldini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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