{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:26:58Z","timestamp":1790375218472,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["33\/2006\/HD-NDT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33\/2006\/HD-NDT"]}]},{"name":"Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["18\/FIRST\/1a\/HMU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/FIRST\/1a\/HMU"]}]},{"name":"Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["ACS\/13\/005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACS\/13\/005"]}]},{"name":"Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["2015\/YY1\/353138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/YY1\/353138"]}]},{"name":"Vietnam Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["UICC-TF\/2023-1832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UICC-TF\/2023-1832"]}]},{"name":"American Cancer Society","award":["33\/2006\/HD-NDT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33\/2006\/HD-NDT"]}]},{"name":"American Cancer Society","award":["18\/FIRST\/1a\/HMU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/FIRST\/1a\/HMU"]}]},{"name":"American Cancer Society","award":["ACS\/13\/005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACS\/13\/005"]}]},{"name":"American Cancer Society","award":["2015\/YY1\/353138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/YY1\/353138"]}]},{"name":"American Cancer Society","award":["UICC-TF\/2023-1832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UICC-TF\/2023-1832"]}]},{"name":"UICC 2015 Yamagiwa-Yoshida Memorial International Cancer Study Grant","award":["33\/2006\/HD-NDT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33\/2006\/HD-NDT"]}]},{"name":"UICC 2015 Yamagiwa-Yoshida Memorial International Cancer Study Grant","award":["18\/FIRST\/1a\/HMU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/FIRST\/1a\/HMU"]}]},{"name":"UICC 2015 Yamagiwa-Yoshida Memorial International Cancer Study Grant","award":["ACS\/13\/005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACS\/13\/005"]}]},{"name":"UICC 2015 Yamagiwa-Yoshida Memorial International Cancer Study Grant","award":["2015\/YY1\/353138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/YY1\/353138"]}]},{"name":"UICC 2015 Yamagiwa-Yoshida Memorial International Cancer Study Grant","award":["UICC-TF\/2023-1832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UICC-TF\/2023-1832"]}]},{"name":"UICC technical fellowship 2023","award":["33\/2006\/HD-NDT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33\/2006\/HD-NDT"]}]},{"name":"UICC technical fellowship 2023","award":["18\/FIRST\/1a\/HMU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/FIRST\/1a\/HMU"]}]},{"name":"UICC technical fellowship 2023","award":["ACS\/13\/005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACS\/13\/005"]}]},{"name":"UICC technical fellowship 2023","award":["2015\/YY1\/353138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/YY1\/353138"]}]},{"name":"UICC technical fellowship 2023","award":["UICC-TF\/2023-1832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UICC-TF\/2023-1832"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The association between dietary vitamin A intake and cancer risk remains unclear. There may be under-researched links between dietary vitamin A and cancer. This study aimed to clarify this relationship and a possible reference vitamin A intake. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case\u2013control study. Exposure data was determined from participants, including 3758 incident cancer cases (esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, lung, breast, and other cancers) and 2995 hospital controls before the day of surgery treatment at the same hospitals. Dietary vitamin A intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the association between vitamin A intake and cancer risk. Restricted cubic splines suggest a safe range of vitamin A intake of 85.3\u2013104.0 \u00b5g\/day, which is a reference quantile. Results: We found a U-shaped association between vitamin A intake and cancer incidence compared to the reference. Both the lowest and highest intakes were associated with an increased cancer risk, with OR (95% CI) values 1.98 (1.57, 2.49) and 2.06 (1.66, 2.56), respectively. This U-shaped pattern was consistent across subgroups defined by sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, blood type A, and cancers of the esophagus, stomach, breast, and rectum, but not lung and colon cancer. The U-shaped relationship remained after adjusting for dietary vitamin A intake per kg of body weight and vitamin A\u2013energy residual estimation adjustment. Confidence intervals were wider at the highest exposure levels. Conclusions: We observed a U-shaped relationship between vitamin A intake and the risk of cancer incidence, with a reference dietary vitamin A intake of 85.3\u2013104.0 \u00b5g\/day. These findings warrant further investigation to understand the mechanisms of this U-shaped association.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T08:26:38Z","timestamp":1756110398000},"page":"2744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitamin A Intake and Risk of Cancer Incidence: Insights from a Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shunya","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canon Institute for Global Studies, Tokyo 100-6511, Japan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita City 286-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngoc Bao","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita City 286-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh Hue","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita City 286-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thinh Gia","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita City 286-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lam Tung","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita City 286-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linh Thuy","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human Malformation, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche (INSERM UMR), Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7862-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngoan Tran","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang City 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.009803","article-title":"Potential of Dietary Non-Provitamin A Carotenoids in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Microvascular Complications","volume":"7","author":"Murillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. 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