{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:19:56Z","timestamp":1765995596699,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["408295\/2017","23075.057370\/2020-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["408295\/2017","23075.057370\/2020-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008224","name":"Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["408295\/2017","23075.057370\/2020-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["408295\/2017","23075.057370\/2020-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Iodine is an important nutrient for the human body, used in the production of thyroid hormones. During pregnancy, a deficiency can cause miscarriage and hypothyroidism, while an excess can cause thyroid dysfunction. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with the iodine nutritional status of pregnant Brazilian women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted with pregnant women over 18 years of age, users of the Unified Health System (SUS). A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic information. Iodine status was assessed by urinary iodine concentration (UIC). The iodine content of salt and homemade and industrial seasonings was determined by the titrimetric method. Dietary intake was estimated through a 24-hour dietary recall. The chi-square test and hierarchical multinomial logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was set at p \u2264 0.05. Results: Among Brazilian pregnant women, the median UIC was 186.7 \u00b5g\/L (P25: 118.05 \u00b5g\/L-P75: 280.93 \u00b5g\/L). Regarding iodine nutritional status, the prevalence of deficiency was 36.7% (n = 694), above the requirement was 28.7% (n = 543), and excess iodine intake was 3.6% (n = 68). We observed that non-white pregnant women were more likely (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.27\u20132.64) to have iodine deficiency, and those who did not work were less likely (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52\u20130.98). Pregnant women in the last trimester of pregnancy were less likely to have iodine intake above the requirements (OR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.31\u20130.88). Conclusions: A substantial proportion of pregnant women had iodine deficiency or intake above the required level. Iodine deficiency is more chance among non-white pregnant women and less chance among those not employed during pregnancy. On the other hand, pregnant women who were in their third trimester of pregnancy were less likely to have iodine intake above the required level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T10:35:17Z","timestamp":1756204517000},"page":"2753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Iodine Deficiency and Excess in Brazilian Pregnant Women: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study (EMDI-Brazil)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6259-4786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline Carare","family":"Candido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Science, Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa (UFV), Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2162-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francilene Maria","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Science, Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa (UFV), Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah Aparecida Vieira","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Science, Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa (UFV), Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9127-3001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson Marliere","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School (FMRP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 05508-090, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana de Souza","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Diamantina 39100-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edimar Aparecida Filomeno","family":"Fontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa (UFV), Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2257-9899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Patricia","family":"Crispim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Curitiba 80210-170, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina Abreu de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o (UFMA), S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65020-070, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5858-7076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalia","family":"Pizato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia 70970-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle G\u00f3es","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju 49060-025, Sergipe, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franciane Rocha de","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Federal University of Rondon\u00f3polis (UFR), Rondon\u00f3polis 78736-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge Gustavo","family":"Vel\u00e1squez Mel\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nursing, School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbosa","family":"M\u00edriam Carmo Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, Esp\u00edrito Santo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naiara","family":"Sperandio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), UFRJ Multidisciplinary Center, Maca\u00e9 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata Junqueira","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas 77001-090, Tocantins, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia Eloiza","family":"Priore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Science, Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa (UFV), Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia do Carmo Castro","family":"Franceschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Science, Department of Nutrition and Health, Federal University of Vi\u00e7osa (UFV), Vi\u00e7osa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez, S., Riestra-Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Mart\u00ednez-Morillo, E., Avello-Llano, N., Delgado-\u00c1lvarez, E., and Men\u00e9ndez-Torre, E.L. 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