{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:32:49Z","timestamp":1789731169740,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSRF via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources &amp; Institutional Development, Research and Innovation","award":["B36G660010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B36G660010"]}]},{"name":"NSRF via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources &amp; Institutional Development, Research and Innovation","award":["N84H670030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N84H670030"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand","award":["B36G660010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B36G660010"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand","award":["N84H670030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N84H670030"]}]},{"name":"Second Century Fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University","award":["B36G660010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B36G660010"]}]},{"name":"Second Century Fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University","award":["N84H670030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N84H670030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Gut microbiota has been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to identify associations between gut dysbiosis and MASLD, regarding body mass index (BMI) and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis (SCA). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 202 patients with MASLD who had no previous history of CVD. The severity of MASLD was evaluated using a magnetic resonance imaging-based method, and SCA was measured by assessing coronary artery calcification (CAC). Gut microbiota was assessed in fecal specimens using sequencing targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results: Our results demonstrated that gut microbial profiles between low- and high-BMI groups (&lt;30 vs. \u226530 kg\/m2) differed significantly in beta-diversity, but not in alpha-diversity indices. At the genus level, we identified Megamonas, Sutterella, Catenibacterium, and Odoribacter, enriched in the high BMI group. Compared to the low CAC group (&lt;100 AU), MASLD patients with high CAC scores (\u2265100 AU) exhibited enrichment in Ruminococcus gnavus, Bacteroides, and Lachnoclostridium, along with depletion of several short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that older age, the presence of diabetes, high BMI, fibrosis stage F3-F4, and high plasma trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) levels were independently associated with a high CAC score in patients with MASLD. Conclusions: These data indicated that gut dysbiosis and related metabolites, in association with advanced liver disease, were potential contributors to the progression of SCA in obese patients with MASLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:18:49Z","timestamp":1756217929000},"page":"2759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gut Dysbiosis and Plasma Trimethylamine Oxide Are Associated with Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis in Obese Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9266-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kittiya","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4513-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pattida","family":"Kongsomboonchoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1649-5373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maneerat","family":"Chayanupatkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Alternative and Complementary Medicine for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8307-1191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monravee","family":"Tumkosit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pairoj","family":"Chattranukulchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and Cardiac Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinidphon","family":"Prombutara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mod Gut Co., Ltd., Bangkok 10600, Thailand"},{"name":"Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2926-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pisit","family":"Tangkijvanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.003","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"79","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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