{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:22:32Z","timestamp":1789640552527,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Recent evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays an important role in anxiety and stress-related disorders through interactions along the gut\u2013brain axis. Our aim was to determine the microbiological diversity of intestinal microorganisms in individuals with acute and remission phases of PD when compared to healthy individuals. Another aim was also to analyze the differences in the metabolic pathways occurring in the intestinal microbiota of individuals from the three analyzed groups. Methods: A diagnosis was established using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I). The gut\u2019s microbiota composition was analyzed through bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1\u2013V2 regions). The clinical evaluations included a BMI measurement, Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), Montgomery\u2013\u00c5sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results: We recruited 62 participants (31 PD and 31 controls). After conducting quality control filtering, data from 54 participants were analyzed (25 PD, 11 acute, 14 remission, and 29 controls). Observed richness was lower in the acute PD (63) group than in the control (74) and remission (66) (p = 0.038) groups, whereas the Shannon and Simpson indices and beta diversity (PERMANOVA) were not significantly different. The Ruminococcus gnavus group was enriched in acute PD; no other deconfounded differences in microbial composition were detected. Predicted functional differences were detected by edgeR only and included the pathways that are related to steroid biosynthesis and innate immune signaling. Conclusions: Distinct gut microbial signatures were associated with PD, implicating both the metabolic and inflammatory pathways in disease pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T15:49:34Z","timestamp":1756309774000},"page":"2772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gut Microbiota Alterations in Patients with Panic Disorder: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1026-702X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Gr\u0105\u017alewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8063-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Kucharska-Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1438-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Samochowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8679-3686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Reginia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3375-4856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Li\u015bkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7433-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Michalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5392-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u0142a\u017cej","family":"Misiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0180-644X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Kaczmarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4009-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Stachowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291724003441","article-title":"Panic Disorder and Suicide","volume":"55","author":"Tsai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychol. 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