{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T03:49:52Z","timestamp":1778212192828,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Konsorcjum Akademickie Europejskie Miasto Nauki","award":["RW\/105\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RW\/105\/2024"]}]},{"name":"Konsorcjum Akademickie Europejskie Miasto Nauki","award":["BNW-1-171\/K\/3\/K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-1-171\/K\/3\/K"]}]},{"name":"Konsorcjum Akademickie Europejskie Miasto Nauki","award":["PCN-1-235\/K\/2\/K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCN-1-235\/K\/2\/K"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RW\/105\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RW\/105\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BNW-1-171\/K\/3\/K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-1-171\/K\/3\/K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCN-1-235\/K\/2\/K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCN-1-235\/K\/2\/K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Frailty syndrome significantly worsens the prognosis of elderly people. Sarcopenia and malnutrition are integral parts of aging, but there is a lack of knowledge about the overlap of these states, as well as their diagnostic methods and treatments. This study aimed to assess the malnutrition and sarcopenia scale in patients with frailty syndrome and the viability of evaluating the concentrations of the following potential biomarkers: albumin, total protein, and fibrinogen. Methods: A total of 170 patients &gt;65 years were assessed for frailty using the Fried frailty scale. The risk of sarcopenia was measured using the SARC-F scale, and the risk of malnutrition was measured using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scale. Serum albumin, protein, and fibrinogen levels were measured. The following fat-free body mass and respiratory parameters were measured: peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory volume-one second (FEV1). Results: A total of 53 patients were classified as robust (31%), 96 as prefrail (57%), and 21 as frail (12%) according to Fried frailty criteria. Frail patients had significantly reduced serum albumin and increased fibrinogen compared to the prefrail and robust groups (p &lt; 0.05). A total of 38% of frail patients were at risk of sarcopenia, and 52% were at risk of malnutrition. Frail patients had lower PEF and FEV1 values, with decreases in respiratory parameters correlating with fat-free body mass and muscle strength. Conclusions: Frail patients are at substantial risk of malnutrition and sarcopenia. The MNA and SARC-F scales, combined with routine screening of elderly patients with frailty, may effectively identify patients with the highest risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T15:49:34Z","timestamp":1756309774000},"page":"2786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combined Fried Frailty Scale and Mini Nutritional Assessment Identifies Cardiovascular Patients with Reduced Protein\/Albumin Plasma Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2907-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Cie\u015bla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4466-5794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0450-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Krawiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Janik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6433-0656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Wojciechowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9591-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iga","family":"Dajnowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7340-1629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Szablewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1512-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Bartoszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5253-8417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brygida","family":"Przywara-Chowaniec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"II Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Marii Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 10, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9312-762X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Tomasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"II Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Marii Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 10, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype","volume":"56","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31786-6","article-title":"Frailty: Implications for Clinical Practice and Public Health","volume":"394","author":"Hoogendijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-020-00017-z","article-title":"The Physical Frailty Syndrome as a Transition from Homeostatic Symphony to Cacophony","volume":"1","author":"Fried","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12508","article-title":"Adverse Health Effects of Frailty: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Implications for Evidence-Based Practice","volume":"18","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid. Based Nurs."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101530","article-title":"Biomarkers Shared by Frailty and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"73","author":"Picca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.111014","article-title":"Circulating Biomarkers Characterizing Physical Frailty: CRP, Hemoglobin, Albumin, 25OHD and Free Testosterone as Best Biomarkers. Results of a Meta-Analysis","volume":"139","author":"Mailliez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, S., Collins, P., and Rattray, M. (2021). Identifying and Managing Malnutrition, Frailty and Sarcopenia in the Community: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072316"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gingrich, A., Volkert, D., Kiesswetter, E., Thomanek, M., Bach, S., Sieber, C.C., and Zopf, Y. (2019). Prevalence and Overlap of Sarcopenia, Frailty, Cachexia and Malnutrition in Older Medical Inpatients. BMC Geriatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1115-1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2020.45","article-title":"Do Malnutrition, Sarcopenia and Frailty Overlap in Nursing-Home Residents?","volume":"10","author":"Luiking","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Frailty Aging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Z., Xia, J., Yu, J., Wang, J., Yin, S., Yang, J., Wu, T., Zhang, Z., Yan, W., and Wang, S. (2025). Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Biomarker Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115113"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.09.034","article-title":"Nutritional Status and Physical Performance Using Handgrip and SPPB Tests in Hospitalized Older Adults","volume":"40","author":"Amasene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amasene, M., Medrano, M., Echeverria, I., Urquiza, M., Rodriguez-Larrad, A., Diez, A., Labayen, I., and Ariadna, B.-B. (2022). Malnutrition and Poor Physical Function Are Associated with Higher Comorbidity Index in Hospitalized Older Adults. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.920485"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533608321132","article-title":"The Mini Nutritional Assessment\u00ae\u2014Its History, Today\u2019s Practice, and Future Perspectives","volume":"23","author":"Bauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.05.018","article-title":"SARC-F: A Simple Questionnaire to Rapidly Diagnose Sarcopenia","volume":"14","author":"Malmstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13499","article-title":"Physical Frailty, Genetic Predisposition, and Incident Arrhythmias","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacasi.2024.03.005","article-title":"Physical Frailty, Genetic Predisposition, and Incident Heart Failure","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Asia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001314","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2020-001314","article-title":"Prospective Cohort Study of Elderly Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: Impact of Frailty on Quality of Life and Outcome","volume":"7","author":"Qayyum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies","volume":"12","author":"Altman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18935","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018935","article-title":"Frailty Syndrome in Daily Practice of Interventional Cardiology Ward\u2014Rationale and Design of the FRAPICA Trial: A STROBE-Compliant Prospective Observational Study","volume":"99","author":"Salamon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S492191","article-title":"The Role of Diaphragmatic Ultrasound in Identifying Sarcopenia in COPD Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"20","author":"Yetkin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-021-00946-0","article-title":"Lower Albumin Levels Are Associated with Frailty Measures, Trace Elements, and an Inflammation Marker in a Cross-Sectional Study in Tanushimaru","volume":"26","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.01.030","article-title":"Inflammation, Coagulation, and the Pathway to Frailty","volume":"122","author":"Kanapuru","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-024-00998-9","article-title":"Longitudinal Analysis on Inflammatory Markers and Frailty Progression: Based on the English Longitudinal Study of Aging","volume":"15","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03040-5","article-title":"Slow Gait Speed Is Associated with Frailty, Activities of Daily Living and Nutritional Status in in-Patient Pulmonology Patients","volume":"37","author":"Dilektasli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Shang, N., Gao, Q., Guo, S., and Yang, T. (2025). Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Its Association with Frailty and Malnutrition among Older Patients with Sepsis-a Cross-Sectional Study in the Emergency Department. BMC Geriatr., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06060-y"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01880-5","article-title":"Malnutrition, Assessed by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) Criteria but Not by the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Predicts the Incidence of Sarcopenia over a 5-Year Period in the SarcoPhAge Cohort","volume":"33","author":"Beaudart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180650","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0650","article-title":"Association of Frailty and Malnutrition with Long-Term Functional and Mortality Outcomes Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Results from the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study 1","volume":"1","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.12.074","article-title":"High Prevalence of Physical Frailty Among Community-Dwelling Malnourished Older Adults\u2013A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Verlaan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atay, K., Aydin, S., and Canbakan, B. (2025). Sarcopenia and Frailty in Cirrhotic Patients: Evaluation of Prevalence and Risk Factors in a Single-Centre Cohort Study. Medicina, 61.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61050821"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.02.031","article-title":"Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form Is a Morbi-Mortality Predictor in Outpatients with Heart Failure and Mid-Range Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction","volume":"39","author":"Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moellmann, H.L., Alhammadi, E., Boulghoudan, S., Kuhlmann, J., Mevissen, A., Olbrich, P., Rahm, L., and Frohnhofen, H. (2024). Risk of Sarcopenia, Frailty and Malnutrition as Predictors of Postoperative Delirium in Surgery. BMC Geriatr., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05566-1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14764","article-title":"Association Between Preoperative Malnutrition and Postoperative Delirium After Hip Fracture Surgery in Older Adults","volume":"65","author":"Mazzola","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa011","article-title":"Nutritional Interventions to Improve Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, and Physical Performance in Older People: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses","volume":"79","author":"Gielen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Sarcopenia Guidelines Development Group of the Belgian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics (BSGG), De Spiegeleer, A., Beckw\u00e9e, D., Bautmans, I., and Petrovic, M. (2018). Pharmacological Interventions to Improve Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Older People: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Drugs Aging, 35, 719\u2013734.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-018-0566-y"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ar\u0131c\u0131, H., Tor, Y.B., Alt\u0131nkaynak, M., Erten, N., Saka, B., Bayramlar, O.F., Karaku\u015f, Z.N., and Akp\u0131nar, T.S. (2025). Personalized Diet With or Without Physical Exercise Improves Nutritional Status, Muscle Strength, Physical Performance, and Quality of Life in Malnourished Older Adults: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040675"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101731","article-title":"Protein Intake and Physical Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"81","author":"Calvani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho-Junior, H.J., Calvani, R., Picca, A., Tosato, M., Landi, F., and Marzetti, E. (2022). Protein Intake and Frailty in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.1177\/11786388211022373"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Xu, Y., Guo, L., Chen, Z., Xia, X., Chen, F., Tang, L., Jiang, H., and Xie, C. (2025). Development and External Validation of Machine Learning Models for the Early Prediction of Malnutrition in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Observational Study. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-03082-9"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez, J.J., Est\u00e9vez-Asensio, L., Cebri\u00e1, \u00c1., Izaola-Jauregui, O., P\u00e9rez L\u00f3pez, P., Gonz\u00e1lez-Guti\u00e9rrez, J., Primo-Mart\u00edn, D., Jim\u00e9nez-Sahag\u00fan, R., G\u00f3mez-Hoyos, E., and Rico-Bargues, D. (2025). Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Muscular Ultrasonography for Assessing Inflammation and Muscle Mass in Patients at Risk of Malnutrition. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17101620"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e095460","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095460","article-title":"Development of an Interpretable Machine Learning Model for Frailty Risk Prediction in Older Adult Care Institutions: A Mixed-Methods, Cross-Sectional Study in China","volume":"15","author":"Jing","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16323","article-title":"Can Artificial Intelligence Simplify the Screening of Muscle Mass Loss?","volume":"9","author":"Buccheri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.37.256","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of Frailty Reversibility through a Multi-Component Dementia Prevention Program","volume":"37","author":"Yakabi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faller, J.W., Pereira, D.D.N., De Souza, S., Nampo, F.K., Orlandi, F.D.S., and Matumoto, S. (2019). Instruments for the Detection of Frailty Syndrome in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216166"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, M., Li, Y., Zhu, Y., and Sun, Y. (2025). Inflammatory Markers and Clinical Factors as Key Independent Risk Factors for Frailty: A Retrospective Study. BMC Geriatr., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06033-1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.02.018","article-title":"The Impact of Preoperative Fibrinogen-Albumin Ratio on Mortality in Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention","volume":"493","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac002","article-title":"Association of Urinary Albumin:Creatinine Ratio with Incident Frailty in Older Populations","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, A., Li, M., Qiu, J., Sun, J., Su, Y., Cai, S., Bao, Q., Cheng, B., Ma, S., and Zhang, Y. (2022). The Relationship between Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio and All-Cause Mortality in the Elderly Population in the Chinese Community: A 10-Year Follow-up Study. BMC Nephrol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02644-z"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, J., Miao, P., and Xin, G. (2024). Prognostic Value of Albumin-Based Indices for Mortality after Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-04244-9"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/17\/2786\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:34:04Z","timestamp":1760034844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/17\/2786"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17172786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17172786","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]}}}