{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:41:27Z","timestamp":1760060487894,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u2018Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u2019 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","award":["771\/42\/11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["771\/42\/11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are interconnected processes with significant roles in various chronic diseases, particularly those associated with aging, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Recent evidence suggests that walnuts (from Juglans regia L.), due to their rich content of phytochemicals, have antiaging potential by attenuating OS and chronic low-grade inflammation, known as inflammaging. Objectives: We aimed to assess the impact of daily walnut consumption for 4 weeks on biomarkers of OS and inflammation in a cohort of middle-aged individuals at risk of developing MetS. Methods: In this crossover randomized controlled trial (RCT), 22 participants (mean age: 48.81 \u00b1 4.3 years) underwent two 28-day dietary interventions separated by a one-month washout period. One intervention period included daily consumption of 45 g of walnuts, while the other (control period) involved a normal-calorie diet without walnuts. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and interleukin (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels were determined from serum before and after each intervention period. Results: Assessment of changes obtained for the selected biomarkers following the walnut and control-diet periods (final-baseline) showed slight changes, but without any statistical significance, among the 20 participants included in the analysis. Conclusions: This first RCT targeting a group of middle-aged adults at risk of developing MetS shows that short-term (4 weeks) daily walnut consumption did not significantly alter oxidative stress and inflammation parameters, thus potentially contributing to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of daily walnut consumption over a longer period (&gt;3 months) on oxidative and inflammatory status in the middle-aged population and its potential to positively impact MetS biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1756735366000},"page":"2826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Could 4-Week Walnut Consumption Influence Oxidative and Inflammatory Status in Middle-Aged Adults with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors? Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9983-0642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leti\u021bia","family":"Mate\u0219","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ionel","family":"Fize\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel-Corneliu","family":"Leucu\u021ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3149-9815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea-Elena","family":"Petru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3914-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana Maria","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doina","family":"Albert-Ani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Cluj County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 3-5 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oana Andreea","family":"Alexa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0880-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius Emil","family":"Rusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9469-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists (AOSR), 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7449-5753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela-Saveta","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01255-z","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Ageing in Chronic Metabolic Diseases","volume":"43","author":"Spinelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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