{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:45:53Z","timestamp":1790613953466,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]],"date-time":"2025-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academic Psychological Support Center at the University of Gda\u0144sk"},{"name":"Research Excellence Initiative of the University of Silesia in Katowice"},{"name":"University of Silesia in Katowice"},{"name":"University of Gda\u0144sk"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Problematic overstudying has been conceptualized as an addictive behavior (study addiction) and an early form of work addiction. The majority of students showing compulsive studying behaviors experience chronic and high stress and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Caffeine is a widely used stimulant that enhances alertness and cognitive performance, especially under fatigue. University students, particularly those exhibiting problematic overstudying, may consume more caffeine to improve academic performance. Previous research has shown that caffeine consumption is positively associated with perceived stress and anxiety. This study examined the mediating role of caffeine consumption in the relationship between problematic overstudying and psychological distress (perceived stress, anxiety, and depression) among university students. Methods: Sample 1 consisted of 436 university students, and Sample 2 included 3421 students. The Bergen Study Addiction Scale, Perceived Stress Scale-4, and a measure of average daily caffeine consumption were used. Results: Results showed that caffeine consumption partially mediated the relationship between problematic overstudying and perceived stress. Students who study compulsively tended to consume more caffeine, which was, in turn, associated with higher perceived stress. This finding was replicated across both samples, and in the second, larger sample, caffeine intake also mediated between problematic overstudying and anxiety and depression. Conclusions: Excessive caffeine use among students who manifest problematic overstudying may increase their risk of developing, or aggravate existing, symptoms of anxiety or mood disorders. Limiting caffeine intake and promoting healthy alternatives, such as rest and recovery, is recommended to support mental health in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1756735366000},"page":"2845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Caffeine Intake Mediates the Relationship Between Problematic Overstudying and Psychological Distress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5551-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliwia","family":"Kosecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9375-1433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Charzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, Institute of Pedagogy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-126 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4245-046X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanis\u0142aw K.","family":"Czerwi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7174-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Rudnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5707-3882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142 A.","family":"Atroszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology, University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-309 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2025.115237","article-title":"An update on beverage consumption patterns and caffeine intakes in a representative sample of the US population","volume":"196","author":"Mitchell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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