{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:43:26Z","timestamp":1760060606318,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI","award":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"]}]},{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","award":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"]}]},{"name":"Intramural Fund of the National Institute for Environmental Studies","award":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Research Program on Suicide Countermeasures","award":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare of Health Labor Sciences Research Grant","award":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"]}]},{"name":"Ready for COVID-19 Relief Fund","award":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 21H04856","22K18566","JPMJSC21U6","R3-2-2","23GC1019","5th period 2nd term 001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Infant feeding is critical for health and development, yet the influence of maternal psychosocial factors on its timing is not fully understood. While maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are known to affect perinatal outcomes, their impact on the specific timing of initiating formula and complementary foods remains under-investigated. We hypothesized that maternal ACEs are associated with delayed initiation of infant formula and complementary foods and that this association is mediated by postpartum depression (PPD). This study aimed to examine the link between maternal ACEs and delayed infant feeding, and to assess the mediating role of PPD using data from a large nationwide Japanese database. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized data from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey (JACSIS), conducted between July and August 2021. The analysis included 3446 postpartum mothers. Maternal ACEs were assessed using a 9-item questionnaire, and a cumulative score was categorized as high (\u22654 ACEs) versus low (0\u20133 ACEs). The primary outcomes were infant feeding behavior including breastfeeding, formula feeding and complementary foods. We used logistic regression analysis with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the role of smoking, alcohol and PPD. Results: High ACE exposure (\u22654) was present in 221 mothers (6.4%). A high maternal ACE score was significantly associated with delayed initiation of formula feeding (\u22657 days) (Adjusted OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.12\u20134.01, p = 0.02) and late initiation of complementary foods (\u22657 months) (Adjusted OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.38\u20135.01, p = 0.03); no significant associations were observed for ever\/late\/continued breastfeeding or ever\/continued formula feeding. These associations attenuated to non-significance after adjusting for PPD. Conclusions: Maternal ACEs are associated with delayed initiation of complementary foods and formula, largely through PPD. Perinatal services should combine ACE\/PPD screening with trauma-informed mental health and nutrition support to promote timely infant feeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T14:53:01Z","timestamp":1757083981000},"page":"2879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Delayed Initiation of Complementary Foods: A Nationwide Online Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9598-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousuke","family":"Imanishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6206-9367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ichiro","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Dokkyo University, Saitama 340-0042, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sinchul","family":"Jwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1050-3125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Tabuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8578, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025071516","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2025-071516","article-title":"Breastfeeding and Health Outcomes for Infants and Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"156","author":"Patnode","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. 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Lact."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/17\/2879\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:40:24Z","timestamp":1760035224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/17\/2879"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17172879"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17172879","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]}}}