{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:47:31Z","timestamp":1788306451811,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kagawa University and KAKENHI","award":["25K10003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K10003"]}]},{"name":"MEXT-Supported Program","award":["25K10003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K10003"]}]},{"name":"Gender Equality Promotion Office of Kagawa University","award":["25K10003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25K10003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the progression of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Colostrum-derived Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 (Probio-M9) has shown protective effects against inflammation and remodeling. We investigated whether Probio-M9 supplementation could improve the pathology of PH. Methods: The monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH model rats are created followed by Probio-M9 treatment. Microbiota and pathological analyses were performed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Probio-M9. Results: Probio-M9 significantly suppressed cardiovascular remodeling and reduced mortality in rats. Analysis of the fecal microbiota revealed that Probio-M9 significantly altered the gut microbiota of MCT model rats. Specifically, Alistipes sp009774895 and Duncaniella muris populations increased, whereas Limosilactobacillus reuteri_D, Ligilactobacillus apodeme and Monoglobus sp900542675 decreased compared to those in the MCT group. Focusing on the expression of GPNMB in macrophages and the localization of CD44, we found that the number of these cells increased in the MCT group but significantly decreased with Probio-M9 treatment. In lung tissue from PH patients, more GPNMB-positive macrophages were found than non-PH lungs, and an increase in CD44-positive cells was confirmed in the vicinity of GPNMB. Conclusions: Probio-M9 had a significant impact on the intestinal microbiota and GPNMB\/CD44 positive cells in the lungs of PH rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17182927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T14:23:50Z","timestamp":1757600630000},"page":"2927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 Alters the Gut Microbiota and Mitigates Pulmonary Hypertension in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaopeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyomi","family":"Ohmichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kagawa University Hospital, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2339-6987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4601-9207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaori","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Kagawa University Hospital, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5625-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryou","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kagawa University Hospital, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8845-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazufumi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Heart Failure, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoya","family":"Yokota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Miki-cho 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7425-5768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin Hai","family":"Kurahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, J., Chen, H., Fang, J., Wu, S., and Jia, Z. 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