{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:00:20Z","timestamp":1790632820006,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The gut\u2013muscle axis is believed to influence training adaptations through microbiota-derived signals and the regulation of inflammation, but evidence in elite swimmers is limited and mixed. This study aims to determine whether synbiotic supplementation (probiotics + omega-3) combined with ultra-short race-pace training (USRPT) improves sprint-related upper-body strength. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, 8-week trial of male elite sprint freestyle swimmers, participants completed USRPT and were allocated to either synbiotic supplementation or its single-component arms (probiotic or omega-3) or placebo. Primary outcomes indexed dynamic\/explosive strength (isokinetic shoulder torque and power at 180\u00b0\/s, rate of force development, time-to-peak torque); secondary outcomes included maximal strength (MVIC; 60\u00b0\/s) and field\/strength-endurance tests (dead-hang, handgrip, medicine-ball throw). Analyses reported p-values with effect sizes. Results: The synbiotic group showed greater improvements in high-velocity, sprint-relevant measures versus comparators\u2014higher 180\u00b0\/s torque and power, increased rate of force development, and shorter time-to-peak torque (Time \u00d7 Group p &lt; 0.05 across domains; effects in the medium\u2013large range). Changes in handgrip and medicine-ball throw were small and not different between groups (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Synbiotic supplementation concurrent with USRPT preferentially enhances dynamic (explosive) upper-body strength in elite sprint swimmers, whereas non-stroke-embedded field tests show limited added value. Any reference to gut\u2013muscle-axis modulation is hypothesis-generating, as stool sequencing and metabolite profiling were not performed. Larger, sex-inclusive trials incorporating in-water, stroke-embedded assessments and microbiome\/metabolomic profiling are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17182959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T16:27:33Z","timestamp":1757953653000},"page":"2959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Synbiotic Supplementation with Probiotics and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Enhances Upper-Body Muscle Strength in Elite Swimmers: Evidence for Gut\u2013Muscle Axis Modulation During Race-Pace Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Babak","family":"Imanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7585-7592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hemmatinafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ideh","family":"Maymandinejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Binazade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7345-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Increnovo LLC, Whitefish Bay, WI 53217, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimia","family":"Naseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasoul","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71345, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6572-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Swimming in The Olympics","volume":"11","author":"Cengiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Cult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S180598","article-title":"Ultra-short race-pace training (USRPT) In swimming: Current perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Nugent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadimitriou, K. (2024). Intensity and Pace Calculation of Ultra Short Race Pace Training (USRPT) in Swimming\u2014Take-Home Messages and Statements for Swimming Coaches. Sports, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12080227"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00410-5","article-title":"Effect of different types of strength training on swimming performance in competitive swimmers: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Fone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2022.09.002","article-title":"Study of strength training on swimming performance. A systematic review","volume":"38","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2009.01.003","article-title":"Energetics and biomechanics as determining factors of swimming performance: Updating the state of the art","volume":"13","author":"Barbosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-004-1281-4","article-title":"An energy balance of front crawl","volume":"94","author":"Zamparo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002599","article-title":"Dry-land resistance training practices of elite swimming strength and conditioning coaches","volume":"32","author":"Crowley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.-H., Chiu, W.-C., Hsu, Y.-P., Lo, Y.-L., and Wang, Y.-H. (2020). Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle performance among the elderly: A meta-analysis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123739"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bali\u0107, A., Vla\u0161i\u0107, D., \u017du\u017eul, K., Marinovi\u0107, B., and Bukvi\u0107 Mokos, Z. (2020). Omega-3 versus omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030741"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2009.01.004","article-title":"\u03b1-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans","volume":"80","author":"Brenna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Cheng, C., Yu, X., Guo, L., Wan, X., Xu, J., Xiang, X., Yang, J., Kang, J., and Deng, Q. (2024). Conversion of \u03b1-linolenic acid into n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Bioavailability and dietary regulation. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2024.2442064"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"133","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids","volume":"70","author":"Covington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.021915","article-title":"Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women","volume":"95","author":"Rodacki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22258","article-title":"Effect of high-dose omega-3 fatty acids vs corn oil on major adverse cardiovascular events in patients at high cardiovascular risk: The STRENGTH randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Nicholls","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.03.006","article-title":"Advances in extrusion-dripping encapsulation of probiotics and omega-3 rich oils","volume":"123","author":"Sultana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382165","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2024.2382165","article-title":"The effect of probiotics and casein supplementation on aerobic capacity parameters of male soccer players","volume":"21","author":"Imanian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Przew\u0142\u00f3cka, K., Folwarski, M., Ka\u017amierczak-Siedlecka, K., Skonieczna-\u017bydecka, K., and Kaczor, J.J. (2020). Gut-muscle axis exists and may affect skeletal muscle adaptation to training. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051451"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bindels, L.B., Beck, R., Schakman, O., Martin, J.C., De Backer, F., Sohet, F.M., Dewulf, E.M., Pachikian, B.D., Neyrinck, A.M., and Thissen, J.-P. (2012). Restoring specific lactobacilli levels decreases inflammation and muscle atrophy markers in an acute leukemia mouse model. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037971"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lashkarbolouk, N., Mazandarani, M., Pakmehr, A., and Ejtahed, H.-S. (2024). Evaluating the role of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics supplementation in age-related musculoskeletal disorders in older adults: A systematic review. Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-024-10306-3"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan5662","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan5662","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences skeletal muscle mass and function in mice","volume":"11","author":"Lahiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12964","article-title":"Gut microbes and muscle function: Can probiotics make our muscles stronger?","volume":"13","author":"Giron","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marttinen, M., Ala-Jaakkola, R., Laitila, A., and Lehtinen, M.J. (2020). Gut microbiota, probiotics and physical performance in athletes and physically active individuals. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102936"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00453-8","article-title":"Effect of High-intensity Training and Probiotics on Gut Microbiota Diversity in Competitive Swimmers: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"8","author":"Bielik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med.-Open"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadimitriou, K., Kabasakalis, A., Papadopoulos, A., Mavridis, G., and Tsalis, G. (2023). Comparison of Ultra-Short Race Pace and High-Intensity Interval Training in Age Group Competitive Swimmers. Sports, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11090186"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2020-0040","article-title":"Acute physiological responses to ultra short race-pace training in competitive swimmers","volume":"75","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"11","article-title":"Relevant training effects in pool swimming: Ultra-short race-pace training (Revised)","volume":"40b","author":"Rushall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Swim. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"625","article-title":"The microbiome of professional athletes differs from that of more sedentary subjects in composition and particularly at the functional metabolic level","volume":"67","author":"Barton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306541","article-title":"Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity","volume":"63","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8879227","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8879227","article-title":"Associations among dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the gut microbiota, and intestinal immunity","volume":"2021","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2020.01.003","article-title":"Effect of propolis supplementation on C-reactive protein levels and other inflammatory factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ.-Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, K. (2021). Recent Progress in Applicability of Exercise Immunology and Inflammation Research to Sports Nutrition. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124299"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02458-z","article-title":"Effects of soy intake on circulating levels of TNF-\u03b1 and interleukin-6: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"60","author":"Khodarahmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ting\u00f6, L., Hutchinson, A.N., Bergh, C., Stiefvatter, L., Schweinlin, A., Jensen, M.G., Kr\u00fcger, K., Bischoff, S.C., and Brummer, R.J. (2022). Potential Modulation of Inflammation by Probiotic and Omega-3 Supplementation in Elderly with Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation\u2014A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193998"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348959","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/348959","article-title":"Effect of probiotic (VSL#3) and omega-3 on lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory markers, and gut colonization in overweight adults: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"2014","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbuhn, A.F., Reynolds, S.M., Campbell, C.W., Bradford, L.A., Deckert, J.A., Kreutzer, A., and Fry, A.C. (2018). Effects of probiotic (Bifidobacterium longum 35624) supplementation on exercise performance, immune modulation, and cognitive outlook in division I female swimmers. Sports, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6040116"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maymandinejad, I., Hemmatinafar, M., J\u00e4ger, R., Imanian, B., Koushkie Jahromi, M., and Suzuki, K. (2025). Synergistic Effects of Probiotic and Omega-3 Supplementation with Ultra-Short Race Pace Training on Sprint Swimming Performance. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142296"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Xiao, H., Zhao, L., Liu, Z., Chen, L., and Liu, C. (2023). Comparison of the Effects of Prebiotics and Synbiotics Supplementation on the Immune Function of Male University Football Players. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051158"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e4ger, R., Purpura, M., Stone, J.D., Turner, S.M., Anzalone, A.J., Eimerbrink, M.J., Pane, M., Amoruso, A., Rowlands, D.S., and Oliver, J.M. (2016). Probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus FP4 and Bifidobacterium breve BR03 Supplementation Attenuates Performance and Range-of-Motion Decrements Following Muscle Damaging Exercise. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8100642"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07750-4","article-title":"Allocation concealment in randomised trials: Defending against deciphering","volume":"359","author":"Schulz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Swimming energy training in the 21st century: The justification for radical changes","volume":"39","author":"Rushall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swim. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505184","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2025.2505184","article-title":"Pre-sleep casein ingestion with probiotic strains improves anaerobic power and lower-body-specific strength and power performance in soccer players","volume":"22","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-019-0329-0","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: Probiotics","volume":"16","author":"Mohr","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-009-0250-3","article-title":"Comparison of hand dynamometers in elderly people","volume":"13","author":"Guerra","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"514","article-title":"Comparison of the backward overhead medicine ball throw to power production in college football players","volume":"19","author":"Mayhew","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"768","article-title":"Contributing factors to performance of a medicine ball explosive power test: A comparison between jump and nonjump athletes","volume":"17","author":"Stockbrugger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Winnick, J.P., and Short, F.X. (1999). The Brockport Physical Fitness Test Manual, Human Kinetics."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3523","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000601","article-title":"Construct Validity of a Modification of the Flexed Arm Hang Test","volume":"28","author":"Clemons","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.01.025","article-title":"Isokinetic shoulder strength correlates with level of sports participation and functional activity after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1990","article-title":"Isometric and isokinetic muscle strength in the upper extremity can be reliably measured in persons with chronic stroke","volume":"47","author":"Ekstrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"e383","article-title":"Relationship between closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test and isokinetic shoulder flexion and elbow extension work","volume":"13","author":"Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Athl. Train. Sports Health Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5114\/hm.2021.103285","article-title":"The relationship between swimming performance and isokinetic shoulder strength of elite swimmers","volume":"22","author":"Eider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Mov."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274090-00005","article-title":"Isokinetic and isometric measurement of strength of external rotation and abduction of the shoulder","volume":"74","author":"Kuhlman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800201","article-title":"Torque production in the shoulder of the normal young adult male: The interaction of function, dominance, joint angle, and angular velocity","volume":"18","author":"Otis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2018-0035","article-title":"Test-Retest Reliability of Isokinetic Arm Strength Measurements in Competitive Swimmers","volume":"65","author":"Batalha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chew, W., Lim, Y.P., Lim, W.S., Chambers, E.S., Frost, G., Wong, S.H., and Ali, Y. (2023). Gut-muscle crosstalk. A perspective on influence of microbes on muscle function. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1065365"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontana, F., Longhi, G., Tarracchini, C., Mancabelli, L., Lugli, G.A., Alessandri, G., Turroni, F., Milani, C., and Ventura, M. (2023). The human gut microbiome of athletes: Metagenomic and metabolic insights. Microbiome, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01470-9"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-024-00527-x","article-title":"An Updated View of the Effect of Probiotic Supplement on Sports Performance: A Detailed Review","volume":"13","author":"Aykut","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G245","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00142.2024","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strengthens the intestinal barrier: Involvement of the endocannabinoidome","volume":"329","author":"Mayer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, K., Tominaga, T., Ruhee, R.T., and Ma, S. (2020). Characterization and Modulation of Systemic Inflammatory Response to Exhaustive Exercise in Relation to Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050401"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040668","article-title":"Effects of 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propionic Acid on Regulating Oxidative Stress and Muscle Fiber Composition","volume":"17","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiba\u00f1ez-Gutierrez, A., Fern\u00e1ndez-Landa, J., Calleja-Gonz\u00e1lez, J., Delextrat, A., and Mielgo-Ayuso, J. (2022). Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Exercise with Predominance of Aerobic Metabolism in Trained Population: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030622"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263207","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2263207","article-title":"Progress of linking gut microbiota and musculoskeletal health: Casualty, mechanisms, and translational values","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-025-00860-7","article-title":"The Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cytokine Modulation in Athletes After a Bout of Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med.-Open"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09656-5","article-title":"Probiotic administration increases amino acid absorption from plant protein: A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, crossover study","volume":"12","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2020.1807566","article-title":"Probiotic consumption and inflammatory markers in athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Nazari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4658","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4658","article-title":"Mechanism of action and beneficial effects of probiotics in amateur and professional athletes","volume":"13","author":"Nami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441775","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2024.2441775","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"22","author":"Heileson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e131","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae055","article-title":"The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on muscle and whole-body protein synthesis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Therdyothin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi, M., Hoorang, N., Imanian, B., Hemmatinafar, M., Rezaei, R., Nemati, J., Eftekhari, F., and Alkasasbeh, W.J. (2024). Boosting Recovery: Omega-3 and Whey Protein Enhance Strength and Ease Muscle Soreness in Female Futsal Players. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16244263"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopp, L., Schweinlin, A., Ting\u00f6, L., Hutchinson, A.N., Feit, V., J\u00e4hnichen, T., Lehnert, K., Vetter, W., Rings, A., and Jensen, M.G. (2023). Potential modulation of inflammation and physical function by combined probiotics, omega-3 supplementation and vitamin D supplementation in overweight\/obese patients with chronic low-grade inflammation: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108567"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13132","article-title":"Impact of probiotics on muscle mass, muscle strength and lean mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"14","author":"Prokopidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.-C., Liao, Y.-C., Lee, M.-C., Cheng, Y.-C., Chiou, S.-Y., Lin, J.-S., Huang, C.-C., and Watanabe, K. (2022). Different impacts of heat-killed and viable Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TWK10 on exercise performance, fatigue, body composition, and gut microbiota in humans. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112181"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Arai, S., Kato, K., Iwabuchi, S., Iwabuchi, N., Muto, N., Motobayashi, H., Ebihara, S., Tanaka, M., and Hashimoto, S. (2023). The Potential Immunomodulatory Effect of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BB536 on Healthy Adults through Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Activation in the Peripheral Blood. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010042"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daneshpour, N. (2024). Bifidobacterium and the Immune System: A Key Player Against Gastrointestinal Cancers. J. Microbiota, 1.","DOI":"10.5812\/jmb-154264"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, K., Chen, Y., Wang, M., Zhang, Y., Yuan, Y., Hou, H., and Mao, Y.-H. (2024). The Improvement and Related Mechanism of Microecologics on the Sports Performance and Post-Exercise Recovery of Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111602"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03593-4","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve probiotic compared to lactobacillus casei causes a better reduction in demyelination and oxidative stress in cuprizone-induced demyelination model of rat","volume":"61","author":"Hasaniani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2022.01.007","article-title":"Influences of a fermented milk with Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophiles on gut associated lymphoid tissue, mucosal IgA, and gut flora in mice","volume":"42","author":"Takayama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista, R.A., de Branco, F.M., Nehme, R., de Oliveira, E.P., and Pena, G.d.G. (2022). Association between plasma omega-3 and handgrip strength according to glycohemoglobin levels in older adults: Results from NHANES 2011\u20132012. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194060"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Townsend, J.R., Bender, D., Vantrease, W.C., Sapp, P.A., Toy, A.M., Woods, C.A., and Johnson, K.D. (2018). Effects of probiotic (Bacillus subtilis DE111) supplementation on immune function, hormonal status, and physical performance in division I baseball players. Sports, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports6030070"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac046","article-title":"Effects of probiotic supplementation on performance of resistance and aerobic exercises: A systematic review","volume":"81","author":"Mancini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00e1zaro, D., Arribalzaga, S., Guti\u00e9rrez-Abej\u00f3n, E., Azarbayjani, M.A., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., and Roche, E. (2024). Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Post-Exercise Inflammation, Muscle Damage, Oxidative Response, and Sports Performance in Physically Healthy Adults\u2014A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132044"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez Macarro, M., \u00c1vila-Gand\u00eda, V., P\u00e9rez-Pi\u00f1ero, S., C\u00e1novas, F., Garc\u00eda-Mu\u00f1oz, A.M., Abell\u00e1n-Ruiz, M.S., Victoria-Montesinos, D., Luque-Rubia, A., Climent, E., and Genov\u00e9s, S. (2021). Antioxidant effect of a probiotic product on a model of oxidative stress induced by high-intensity and duration physical exercise. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020323"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3488-6","article-title":"Resistance training intensity and volume affect changes in rate of force development in resistance-trained men","volume":"116","author":"Mangine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/18\/2959\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:45:50Z","timestamp":1760035550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/18\/2959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17182959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17182959","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]}}}