{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:38:49Z","timestamp":1785893929537,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea University Grants"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Safe, microbiome-based interventions for autoimmune hyperthyroidism are lacking. We isolated the lactic acid bacterium NES-428 from kimchi and previously demonstrated that it shares 99% 16S-rRNA identity with Lactobacillus brevis reference strains, confirming NES-428 as a novel strain. Here we evaluated its immunomodulatory and anti-thyroid activity in cellular and murine models. Methods: Jurkat T cells (5 \u00d7 106) were incubated with heat-killed NES-428 for 24 h and subsequently stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate\/ionomycin (50 ng mL\u22121\/1 \u00b5g mL\u22121) for 6 h; cytokine transcripts were quantified by qRT-PCR. Hyperthyroidism was induced in female BALB\/c mice by three intramuscular injections of adenovirus-encoding human TSH receptor (Ad-TSHR). Mice received a daily oral dose of NES-428 (1 \u00d7 109 CFU) for 15 weeks. Serum thyroxine (T4) levels, splenocyte cytokine secretion, and thyroid histopathology were assessed. Statistical analyses employed one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc or log-rank tests (\u03b1 = 0.05). Results: NES-428 pre-conditioning of Jurkat cells significantly down-regulated IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3 transcripts (\u221248% and \u201343%, respectively; p &lt; 0.01) compared with stimulated controls while modestly increasing IL-4 (+26%). In Ad-TSHR mice, daily NES-428 reduced mean serum T4 from 11.2 \u00b1 2.1 to 5.8 \u00b1 1.4 \u00b5g dL\u22121 (p &lt; 0.001), restored body weight gain, and normalized follicular architecture relative to untreated hyperthyroid animals. NES-428 supplementation also lowered splenocyte IFN-\u03b3 secretion by 58% and raised IL-4 by 41% (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: The kimchi-derived strain NES-428 attenuates Th1-skewed cytokine responses and ameliorates experimental hyperthyroidism in vivo. These findings support further investigation of NES-428 as a probiotic candidate for immune modulation in Graves\u2019 disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17182967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T14:31:41Z","timestamp":1758033101000},"page":"2967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactobacillus brevis NES-428 in a Hyperthyroidism Mouse Model: Potential Applications for Graves\u2019 Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7615-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Gyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzie","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongho","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Industry, Seoul Venture University, Seoul 06097, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheol-Won","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"EsgelBio Co., Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.10","article-title":"Autoimmunity and Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"91","author":"Bahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. 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