{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:04:12Z","timestamp":1792173852068,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary approach, has been used therapeutically in drug-resistant epilepsy and other neurological and metabolic disorders. Recent interest has shifted toward understanding its broader metabolic effects through metabolomics. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the biochemical mechanisms and therapeutic implications of the KD, with a particular focus on metabolomic profiling and neurological health. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes findings from the last five years of metabolomic studies investigating the biochemical consequences of the KD and its variants, including the classical KD, modified Atkins diet (MAD), medium-chain triglyceride diet (MCT), and low glycemic index treatment (LGIT). The review integrates data on analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and evaluates alterations in key metabolic pathways. Results: The KD significantly modulates energy metabolism, shifting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation and ketone body utilization. It affects mitochondrial function, one-carbon metabolism, redox balance, neurotransmitter regulation, and gut\u2013brain axis signaling. Metabolomic profiling has identified \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate (\u03b2HB) as a key regulatory metabolite influencing mitochondrial respiration. Long-term KD use may impact renal and hepatic function, necessitating clinical caution and individualized nutritional monitoring. Conclusions: Metabolomic analysis provides critical insights into the multifaceted effects of the KD, supporting its role as a targeted metabolic therapy in neurological diseases. However, potential risks linked to prolonged ketosis warrant further investigation. Future studies should focus on personalized applications and long-term safety profiles of KD variants across patient populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17182969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T14:31:41Z","timestamp":1758033101000},"page":"2969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Ketogenic Diet Through a Metabolomic Lens: Biochemical Pathways, Therapeutic Applications, and Analytical Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Idzikowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3825-522X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"G\u0105tarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1786-0691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Gajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Safi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Research Institute of Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0209-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukasz","family":"Przyslo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Research Institute of Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5106-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Ka\u0142u\u017cna-Czapli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 116 Zeromskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9477-9_10","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS-Based Metabolomics for Cell Cultures","volume":"Volume 1994","author":"Artati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell-Based Assays Using iPSCs for Drug Development and Testing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2021.09.001","article-title":"Clinical metabolomics for inborn errors of metabolism","volume":"107","author":"Ford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141728","article-title":"Effects of single fermentation of Lactobacillus sakei and compound fermentation with Staphylococcus carnosus on the metabolomics of beef sausages","volume":"464","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, X., Yang, Q., Cheng, L., Hu, G., Liu, Z., Lan, Y., and Cheng, Y. (2024). Metabolome and Transcriptome Combined Reveal the Main Floral Volatile Compounds and Key Regulatory Genes of Castanea mollissima. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13202865"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Wang, F., Ma, Y., Wang, W., and Guo, Y. (2024). Investigation of the regulatory mechanisms of Guiqi Yimu Powder on dairy cow fatty liver cells using a multi-omics approach. Front. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1475564"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Wu, F., Wang, J., Qin, Y., and Pan, Y. (2024). Unveiling the Metabolomic Profile of Oily Sensitive Skin: A Non-Invasive Approach. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011033"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-016-1469-y","article-title":"Untargeted Metabolomics Strategies-Challenges and Emerging Directions","volume":"27","author":"Codreanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-6064-8_19","article-title":"Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics in Translational Research","volume":"1310","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Jin, X., Wang, L., Lei, J., Chai, S., Wang, C., Zhang, W., and Yang, X. (2024). Integrated Transcriptional and Metabolomic Analysis of Factors Influencing Root Tuber Enlargement during Early Sweet Potato Development. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15101319"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, X., Bai, S., Zhou, L., Song, Y., Jia, S., Guo, Q., and Zhang, C. (2024). Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Pro-vides Insights into Flavonoid Biosynthesis of Blueberry Leaves in Response to Drought Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011135"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Hu, J., Ji, Z., and Chao, T. (2024). Research Progress on Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes Related to Milk Composition Traits of Dairy Goats Based on Functional Genomics: A Narrative Review. Genes, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15101341"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2010). Hippocratic Writings, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"220","article-title":"The Role of Ketogenic Diets for Therapeutic Uses: A subject review","volume":"43","author":"Sadiq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lat. Am. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01821.x","article-title":"History of the ketogenic diet","volume":"49","author":"Wheless","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"8","article-title":"La lutte contre l\u2019e\u2019pilepsie par la de\u2019 sintoxication et par la re\u2019e\u2019ducation alimentaire","volume":"78","author":"Guelpa","year":"1911","journal-title":"Rev. Ther. Medico-Chir."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Fasting as a method for treating epilepsy","volume":"99","author":"Geyelin","year":"1921","journal-title":"Med. Rec."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1920.00100060002001","article-title":"The use of a high fat diet in the treatment of diabetes mellitus first paper","volume":"26","author":"Newburgh","year":"1920","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1921.00100140002001","article-title":"Objects and methods of diet adjustment in diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Woodyatt","year":"1921","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"307","article-title":"The effect of ketonemia on the course of epilepsy","volume":"2","author":"Wilder","year":"1921","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"308","article-title":"High fat diets in epilepsy","volume":"2","author":"Wilder","year":"1921","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1925.02660520007003","article-title":"The ketogenic diet in epilepsy","volume":"84","author":"Peterman","year":"1925","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106588","article-title":"History of dietary treatment from Wilder\u2019s hypothesis to the first open studies in the 1920s","volume":"101","author":"Auvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.21.11.1097","article-title":"Medium-chain triglycerides as a therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Huttenlocher","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00438.x","article-title":"A modified Atkins diet is effective for the treatment of intractable pediatric epilepsy","volume":"47","author":"Kossoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812441062","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of children treated with the modified Atkins diet","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2023.07.014","article-title":"The Modified Atkins Diet for Epilepsy: Two Decades of an \u201cAlternative\u201d Ketogenic Diet Therapy","volume":"147","author":"Kossoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187071.24292.9e","article-title":"Low-glycemic-index treatment: A liberalized ketogenic diet for treatment of intractable epilepsy","volume":"65","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108820","article-title":"Efficacy of the ketogenic diet in Chinese adults versus children with drug-resistant epilepsy: A pilot study","volume":"134","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, M.S., and Turos, E. (2021). The Chemistry of the Ketogenic Diet: Updates and Opportunities in Organic Synthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105230"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hnm.2024.200250","article-title":"Ketogenic diet in clinical practices","volume":"36","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Na, J.H., Lee, H., and Lee, Y.M. (2025). Clinical Efficacy and Safety of the Ketogenic Diet in Patients with Genetic Confirmation of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17060979"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Steinborn, B. (2020). Dietary treatment. Developmental Neurology, PZWL Publishing House. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.02.014","article-title":"A ketogenic diet modifies glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid and agmatine levels in the hippocampus of rats: A microdialysis study","volume":"642","author":"Betancourt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00524-1","article-title":"Differential ketogenic diet-induced shift in CSF lipid\/carbohydrate metabolome of pediatric epilepsy patients with optimal vs. no anticonvulsant response: A pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Masino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae075","article-title":"Metabolomics reveals the implication of acetoacetate and ketogenic diet therapy in radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.1217","article-title":"Effects of Ketogenic Diet on Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Soc. Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-120420-025558","article-title":"Ins and Outs of the TCA Cycle: The Central Role of Anaplerosis","volume":"41","author":"Inigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110773","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxybutyrate recapitulates the beneficial effects of ketogenic metabolic therapy in polycystic kidney disease","volume":"27","author":"Torres","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000439","article-title":"Ketogenic Diet and Progression of Kidney Disease in Animal Models of Nephropathic Cystinosis","volume":"35","author":"Bellomo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wells, J., Swaminathan, A., Paseka, J., and Hanson, C. (2020). Efficacy and safety of a ketogenic diet in children and adolesents with refractory epilepsy\u2014A review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061809"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12836","article-title":"Use of ketogenic dietary therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy in early infancy","volume":"9","author":"Armeno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2024.841","article-title":"A pilot study of a ketogenic diet in bipolar disorder: Clinical, metabolic and magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings","volume":"11","author":"Campbell","year":"2025","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, B.A., Walton, C.M., Carr, S.T., Andrus, J.L., Cheung, E.C.K., Duplisea, M.J., Wilson, E.K., Draney, C., Lathen, D.R., and Kenner, K.B. (2018). \u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate Elicits Favorable Mitochondrial Changes in Skeletal Muscle. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082247"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v7nS1.14259","article-title":"Changes in body composition and metabolic rate during a very low-calorie ketogenic diet and their association with weight loss","volume":"7","author":"Ismail","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyon, P., Strippoli, V., Fang, B., and Cimmino, L. (2020). B vitamins and one-carbon metabolism: Implications in human health and disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092867"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, Y., Seo, D.S., and Jang, Y. (2024). Metabolic Effects of Ketogenic Diets: Exploring Whole-Body Metabolism in Connection with Adipose Tissue and Other Metabolic Organs. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137076"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2023.0272","article-title":"One-Carbon Metabolism Nutrients, Genetic Variation, and Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Wu, X., Lu, L., Hu, R., Teng, Y., Pan, L., Zeng, X., Jiang, W., Li, W., and Dong, L. (2024). Assessment of blood one-carbon metabolism indexes during mid-to-late pregnancy in 397 Chinese pregnant women. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1348930"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, F.Y., Liou, J.Y., Tang, F.Y., Sou, N.L., Peng, J.H., and Chiang, E.P.I. (2022). Ketogenic Diet Consumption Inhibited Mitochondrial One-Carbon Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073650"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000432","article-title":"New insights into the mechanisms of the ketogenic diet","volume":"30","author":"Boison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, S.M., and Jadavji, N.M. (2024). Deficiencies in one-carbon metabolism led to increased neurological disease risk and worse outcome: Homocysteine is a marker of disease state. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1285502"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson, J.M., Arthurs, A.L., Smith, M.D., Roberts, C.T., and Jankovic-Karasoulos, T. (2022). High Folate, Perturbed One-Carbon Metabolism and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14193930"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"a25","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate improves \u03b2-cell mitochondrial function and survival","volume":"2","author":"Sampson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Insul. Resist."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5157645","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5157645","article-title":"Nutritional Ketosis and Mitohormesis: Potential Implications for Mitochondrial Function and Human Health","volume":"2018","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00411-4","article-title":"Ketogenic diets inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and induce cardiac fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00305.2020","article-title":"A ketogenic diet combined with exercise alters mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle while improving metabolic health","volume":"319","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paoli, A., and Cerullo, G. (2023). Investigating the Link between Ketogenic Diet, NAFLD, Mitochondria, and Oxidative Stress: A Narrative Review. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051065"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murakami, M., and Tognini, P. (2022). Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Bioactive Properties of a Ketogenic Diet. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040782"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drabi\u0144ska, N., Ju\u015bkiewicz, J., and Wiczkowski, W. (2022). The Effect of the Restrictive Ketogenic Diet on the Body Composition, Hematological and Biochemical Parameters, Oxidative Stress and Advanced Glycation End-Products in Young Wistar Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224805"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"92","article-title":"Current Perspective About the Effect of a Ketogenic Diet on Oxidative Stress\u2014A Review","volume":"74","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dy\u0144ka, D., Kowalcze, K., Charuta, A., and Paziewska, A. (2023). The Ketogenic Diet and Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153368"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14581\/jer.23001","article-title":"Brain Glutathione Increase and Seizure Burden Decrease in Patients with Intractable Epilepsy on Ketogenic Diet","volume":"13","author":"Hazany","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napolitano, A., Longo, D., Lucignani, M., Pasquini, L., Rossi-Espagnet, M.C., Lucignani, G., Maiorana, A., Elia, D., De Liso, P., and Dionisi-Vici, C. (2020). The Ketogenic Diet Increases In Vivo Glutathione Levels in Patients with Epilepsy. Metabolites, 10.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3552833"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-020-02111-9","article-title":"MRI spectroscopic and tractography studies indicate consequences of long-term ketogenic diet","volume":"225","author":"Janeczko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-023-00636-x","article-title":"Ketogenic diet-produced \u03b2-hydroxybutyric acid accumulates brain GABA and increases GABA\/glutamate ratio to inhibit epilepsy","volume":"10","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietrzak, D., Kasperek, K., R\u0119kawek, P., and Pi\u0105tkowska-Chmiel, I. (2022). The Therapeutic Role of Ketogenic Diet in Neuro-logical Disorders. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091952"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowis, K., and Banga, S. (2021). The potential health benefits of the ketogenic diet: A narrative review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051654"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Rubia Ort\u00ed, J.E., Fern\u00e1ndez, D., Platero, F., and Garc\u00eda-Pardo, M.P. (2021). Can Ketogenic Diet Improve Alzheimer\u2019s Disease? Association With Anxiety, Depression, and Glutamate System. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.744398"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morscher, R.J., Aminzadeh-Gohari, S., Feichtinger, R.G., Mayr, J.A., Lang, R., Neureiter, D., Sperl, W., and Kofler, B. (2015). Inhibition of Neuroblastoma Tumor Growth by Ketogenic Diet and\/or Calorie Restriction in a CD1-Nu Mouse Model. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129802"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crosby, L., Davis, B., Joshi, S., Jardine, M., Paul, J., Neola, M., and Barnard, N.D. (2021). Ketogenic Diets and Chronic Disease: Weighing the Benefits Against the Risks. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.702802"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1152","article-title":"Safety and metabolic implications of prolonged ketogenic diet use: A clinical perspective","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luong, T.V., Abild, C.B., Bangshaab, M., Gormsen, L.C., and S\u00f8ndergaard, E. (2022). Ketogenic Diet and Cardiac Substrate Metabolism. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071322"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102402","article-title":"Ketogenic diet and cardiovascular risk\u2014State of the art review","volume":"49","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"004101","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2024-004101","article-title":"The case for a ketogenic diet in the management of kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Athinarayanan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zemer, A., Samaei, S., Yoel, U., Biderman, A., and Pincu, Y. (2024). Ketogenic diet in clinical populations-a narrative review. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1432717"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Gorrita, C., Soriano, J., Merino-Torres, J., and Onofre, N. (2025). Anthropometric Trajectories and Dietary Compliance During a Personalized Ketogenic Program. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091475"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51337-z","article-title":"NMR-based metabolomics in pediatric drug resistant epilepsy\u2014Preliminary results","volume":"9","author":"Boguszewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.04.027","article-title":"A ketogenic diet substantially reshapes the human metabolome","volume":"42","author":"Effinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calabrese, F.M., Celano, G., Riezzo, G., D\u2019Attoma, B., Ignazzi, A., Di Chito, M., Sila, A., De Nucci, S., Rinaldi, R., and Linsalata, M. (2023). Metabolomic Profiling of Obese Patients with Altered Intestinal Permeability Undergoing a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15245026"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Licha, D., Vidali, S., Aminzadeh-Gohari, S., Alka, O., Breitkreuz, L., Kohlbacher, O., Reischl, R.J., Feichtinger, R.G., Kofler, B., and Huber, C.G. (2019). Untargeted metabolomics reveals molecular effects of ketogenic diet on healthy and tumor xenograft mouse models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201906.0275.v1"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2025, May 02). AGRIS\u2014International System for Agricultural Science and Technology. Available online: https:\/\/agris.fao.org\/search\/en\/providers\/125307\/records\/6748dc657625988a37211e6b."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02198-7","article-title":"Metagenomic and metabolomic analysis showing the adverse risk\u2013benefit trade-off of the ketogenic diet","volume":"23","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53287-y","article-title":"Postoperative serum metabolites of patients on a low carbohydrate ketogenic diet after pancreatectomy for pancreatobiliary cancer: A nontargeted metabolomics pilot study","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, P., Augur, Z.M., Li, M., Hill, C., Greenwood, B., Domin, M.A., Kondakci, G., Narain, N.R., Kiebish, M.A., and Bronson, R.T. (2019). Therapeutic benefit of combining calorie-restricted ketogenic diet and glutamine targeting in late-stage experimental glioblastoma. Commun. Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0455-x"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.03.014","article-title":"Comprehensive study of metabolic changes induced by a ketogenic diet therapy using GC\/MS- and LC\/MS-based metabolomics","volume":"107","author":"Akiyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2023.12.004","article-title":"Exploration of urine metabolic biomarkers for new-onset, untreated pediatric epilepsy: A gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based metabolomics study","volume":"46","author":"Akiyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M079251","article-title":"Regulation of kynurenine metabolism by a ketogenic diet","volume":"59","author":"Heischmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lalwani, A.M., Yilmaz, A., Bisgin, H., Ugur, Z., Akyol, S., and Graham, S.F. (2020). The biochemical profile of post-mortem brain from people who suffered from epilepsy reveals novel insights into the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Metabolites, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10060261"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-024-00016-3","article-title":"Serum and CSF metabolomics analysis shows Mediterranean Ketogenic Diet mitigates risk factors of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Schweickart","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Metab. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deja, S., Kucejova, B., Fu, X., Browning, J.D., Young, J.D., and Burgess, S. (2021). In vivo estimation of ketogenesis using metabolic flux analysis\u2014Technical aspects and model interpretation. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11050279"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118542","article-title":"A ketogenic diet affects brain volume and metabolome in juvenile mice","volume":"244","author":"Mayengbam","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2023.109562","article-title":"A very-low carbohydrate content in a high-fat diet modifies the plasma metabolome and impacts systemic inflammation and experimental atherosclerosis","volume":"126","author":"Castro","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105400","article-title":"Association between seizure reduction during ketogenic diet treatment of epilepsy and changes in circulatory metabolites and gut microbiota composition","volume":"109","author":"Dahlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masino, S.A. (2022). Ketogenic Diet and Metabolic Therapies: Expanded Roles in Health and Disease, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780197501207.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"946","article-title":"Effects of ketogenic diet on body weight and histology of liver of male albino rats","volume":"15","author":"Jalal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad274","article-title":"Risks of the ketogenic diet in CKD\u2014The con part","volume":"17","author":"Joshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106780","article-title":"Ketogenic diet in children and adolescents: The effects on growth and nutritional status","volume":"191","author":"Corsello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02450-1","article-title":"Ketogenic diet impairs neurological development of neonatal rats and affects biochemical composition of maternal brains: Evidence of functional recovery in pups","volume":"227","author":"Kosiek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"41","article-title":"Ketogenic diet in older adults: Potential benefits and risks","volume":"7","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatrics"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28033","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028033","article-title":"Can older patients adopt and maintain a ketogenic diet? An observational study in support of clinical trials in older patients","volume":"100","author":"Almodallal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00831-w","article-title":"Ketogenic diet for human diseases: The underlying mechanisms and potential for clinical implementations","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shabbir, I., Liu, K., Riaz, B., Rahim, M.F., Zhong, S., Aweya, J.J., and Cheong, K.L. (2025). Investigating the Therapeutic Potential of the Ketogenic Diet in Modulating Neurodegenerative Pathophysiology: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071268"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220830102628","article-title":"Ketogenic Diet: An Effective Treatment Approach for Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2024.109693","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of the ketogenic diet: A metabolic switch with implications for neurological disorders, the gut-brain axis, and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"132","author":"Shahpasand","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rog, J., Wingralek, Z., Nowak, K., Grudzie\u0144, M., Grunwald, A., Banaszek, A., and Karakula-Juchnowicz, H. (2024). The Potential Role of the Ketogenic Diet in Serious Mental Illness: Current Evidence, Safety, and Practical Advice. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13102819"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U\u0142amek-Kozio\u0142, M., Czuczwar, S.J., Pluta, R., and Januszewski, S. (2019). Ketogenic diet and epilepsy. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102510"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00651-8","article-title":"The metabolic basis of epilepsy","volume":"18","author":"Rho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e250422203985","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399818666220425093535","article-title":"A Ketogenic Diet is Effective in Improving Insulin Sensitivity in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Skow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000515381","article-title":"European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults with a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000569","article-title":"Effect of low-carbohydrate diets on cardiometabolic risk, insulin resistance, and metabolic syn-drome","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Li, A., Liu, P., Zhang, B., and Yan, Y. (2024). Mapping the evolution and impact of ketogenic diet research on diabetes management: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis from 2005 to 2024. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1485642"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Wang, M., Liang, J., He, G., and Chen, N. (2022). Ketogenic Diet Benefits to Weight Loss, Glycemic Control, and Lipid Profiles in Overweight Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trails. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610429"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004199","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2024-004199","article-title":"Effect of weight-maintaining ketogenic diet on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in obese T2D subjects","volume":"12","author":"Merovci","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.10.006","article-title":"Dietary ketosis enhances memory in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"33","author":"Krikorian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.01.006","article-title":"A new way to produce hyperketonemia: Use of ketone ester in a case of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Newport","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01314-w","article-title":"Two-month ketogenic diet alters systemic and brain metabolism in middle-aged female mice","volume":"47","author":"Roslund","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"75392","article-title":"Unveiling the Neuroprotective Power: Exploring the Therapeutic Benefits of the Ketogenic Diet in Epilepsy Management\u2014A Review Article","volume":"15","author":"Basu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4805","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13007","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Gut Microbiome Project Consortium. Effects of a ketogenic and low-fat diet on the human metabolome, microbiome, and foodome in adults at risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Dilmore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01549-0","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of a medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice: A combination of transcriptomics and metabolomics in the substantia nigra and fecal microbiome","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6666171","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6666171","article-title":"Ketogenic Diet: A Review of Composition Diversity, Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application","volume":"2024","author":"Malinowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb02325.x","article-title":"Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"54","author":"Schapira","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2003.09.007","article-title":"The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: The effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: Ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism","volume":"70","author":"Veech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7914","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202834","article-title":"A ketogenic diet impacts markers of mitochondrial mass in a tissue specific manner in aged mice","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200318797","article-title":"D-\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate rescues mitochondrial respiration and mitigates features of Parkinson disease","volume":"112","author":"Tieu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27390","article-title":"Low-fat versus ketogenic diet in Parkin-son\u2019s disease: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Phillips","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093722","article-title":"The Ketogenic Diet and Brain Metabolism of Amino Acids: Relationship to the Anticonvulsant Effect","volume":"27","author":"Yudkoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000152046.11390.45","article-title":"Treatment of Parkinson disease with diet-induced hyperketonemia: A feasibility study","volume":"64","author":"VanItallie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"23684","article-title":"Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Symptoms, Biomarkers, Depression, and Anxiety in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Case Study","volume":"14","author":"Tidman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/17582024.2024.2352394","article-title":"Impact of a keto diet on symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease, biomarkers, depression, anxiety and quality of life: A longitudinal study","volume":"14","author":"Tidman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.116","article-title":"Beyond weight loss: A review of the therapeutic uses of very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets","volume":"67","author":"Paoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.10.5440","article-title":"d-\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate protects neurons in models of Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"97","author":"Kashiwaya","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12999","article-title":"Can ketones compensate for deteriorating brain glucose uptake during aging? Implications for the risk and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1367","author":"Cunnane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680800200619","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease is Type 3 Diabetes\u2014Evidence Reviewed","volume":"2","author":"Wands","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205014666170921122458","article-title":"Evaluation of Metabolic and Synaptic Dysfunction Hypotheses of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (AD): A Meta-Analysis of CSF Markers","volume":"15","author":"Manyevitch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.07.021","article-title":"Brain fuel metabolism, aging, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Cunnane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62723-7","article-title":"A novel hepatocyte ketone production assay to help the selection of nutrients for the ketogenic diet treatment of epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Meeusen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-2-28","article-title":"A ketogenic diet reduces amyloid beta 40 and 42 in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Wera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.023","article-title":"A ketone ester diet exhibits anxiolytic and cognition-sparing properties, and lessens amyloid and tau pathologies in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Kashiwaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00783-x","article-title":"Randomized crossover trial of a modified ketogenic diet in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Phillips","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-6-31","article-title":"Study of the ketogenic agent AC-1202 in mild to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial","volume":"6","author":"Henderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-018-0024-8","article-title":"Caloric restriction increases lifespan but affects brain integrity in grey mouse lemur primates","volume":"1","author":"Pifferi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klement, R.J., Champ, C.E., Otto, C., and K\u00e4mmerer, U. (2016). Anti-Tumor Effects of Ketogenic Diets in Mice: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155050"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-013-9432-9","article-title":"Signalling pathways regulating muscle mass in ageing skeletal muscle: The role of the IGF1-Akt-mTOR-FoxO pathway","volume":"14","author":"Sandri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M300045-JLR200","article-title":"Expression of constitutively activated Akt in the mammary gland leads to excess lipid synthesis during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"44","author":"Schwertfeger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-8-75","article-title":"Is there a role for carbohydrate restriction in the treatment and prevention of cancer?","volume":"8","author":"Klement","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06123-1","article-title":"Metabolic intervention by low carbohydrate diet suppresses the onset and progression of neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortez, N.E., and Mackenzie, G.G. (2021). Ketogenic Diets in Pancreatic Cancer and Associated Cachexia: Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093202"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.12.008","article-title":"Ketogenic diet and chemotherapy combine to disrupt pancreatic cancer metabolism and growth","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.01.005","article-title":"Ketotherapy: Cutting carbs to treat cancer","volume":"3","author":"Radyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e145207","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.145207","article-title":"Ketogenic diet and ketone bodies enhance the anticancer effects of PD-1 blockade","volume":"6","author":"Ferrere","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12225","article-title":"Charlie Foundation; Matthew\u2019s Friends; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: Updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group","volume":"3","author":"Kossoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Swaiman, K.F., Ashwal, S., Ferriero, D.M., Schor, N.F., Finkel, R.S., Gropman, A.L., Pearl, P.L., and Shevell, M. (2017). Swaiman\u2019s Pediatric Neurology. Principles and Practice, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, A., Jung, D.E., Kim, S.H., Kang, H.C., Lee, J.S., Lee, S.T., Choi, J.R., and Kim, H.D. (2018). The Efficacy of Ketogenic Diet for Specific Genetic Mutation in Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy. Front. Neurol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00530"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaf134","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf134","article-title":"Genetic aetiologies in relation to response to the ketogenic diet in 226 children with epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Dahlin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17391","article-title":"International consensus recommendations for management of New Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE) including Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES): Summary and Clinical Tools","volume":"63","author":"Wickstrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/18\/2969\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:14:04Z","timestamp":1763727244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/18\/2969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17182969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17182969","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]}}}