{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:15:06Z","timestamp":1774646106810,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P3-0395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1-0143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Physical activity induces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which, at moderate levels mediate beneficial physiological adaptations, including insulin sensitivity and enhanced antioxidant defense. However, excessive ROS production during intense exercise may exceed endogenous antioxidant capacity, leading to oxidative stress and muscle damage. Objective: This study examined the effects of 30-day high-dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (9 g\/day) on plasma fatty acid composition and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in recreational (n = 11) and trained (n = 10) runners, with emphasis on group- and time-specific responses. Methods: Plasma levels of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were assessed at three time points: pre-, during, and post-supplementation period. Enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were measured at six time points, including before and after exercise sessions involving a 2800 m run followed by a 400 m sprint. Results: Omega-3 supplementation increased plasma EPA and DHA. In trained runners, it was associated with a transient reduction in GPx and a pronounced mid-phase decline in SOD, whereas enzyme activities remained stable in recreational runners. CAT activity did not change significantly in either group. Conclusions: Short-term high-dose omega-3 supplementation modulates antioxidant enzyme activity in a group- and time-dependent manner. The observed downregulation of GPx and SOD in trained runners may reflect altered redox signaling; however, its relevance for exercise performance remains uncertain. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the physiological and functional consequences of these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17182985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T14:10:19Z","timestamp":1758118219000},"page":"2985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of 30-Day High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Plasma Oxidative Stress Enzyme Activities in Recreational and Trained Runners: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bojan","family":"Martin\u0161ek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7243-2919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Skitek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6421-0344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Kosjek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5325-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Bedra\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The NU B.V., J.H. Oortweg 21, 2333CH Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6954-1118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgen","family":"Benedik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233372141878656","DOI":"10.1177\/2333721418786565","article-title":"Relationships Between Frequency of Moderate Physical Activity and Longevity: An 11-Year Follow-up Study","volume":"4","author":"Rennemark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontol. Geriatr. 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