{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T15:38:42Z","timestamp":1783697922171,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kyungpook National University Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Dental plaque, a biofilm composed of accumulated oral microorganisms, is a key contributor to various oral diseases. 6-shogaol, a bioactive compound of ginger, is known to have pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of 6-shogaol on dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Candida albicans (C. albicans). Methods: Dual-species oral biofilms were formed on hydroxyapatite (HA) disks for 42 h and exposed to 6-shogaol. The pH was measured in the experimental medium, and the biomass, colony-forming unit (CFU) of microbial cells, and insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) were quantified in the biofilm formed on the HA disk. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to assess biofilm morphology, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze gtf gene expression. Results: 6-shogaol dose-dependently reduced insoluble EPS, CFU counts, and dry weight of biofilms. The pH was maintained above 5.5 in the 6-shogaol-treated group. CLSM images showed that S. mutans proliferation, C. albicans hyphal development, and EPS production were markedly inhibited in biofilms treated with 6-shogaol. The expression of gtfB and gtfC was significantly downregulated by 6-shogaol. Conclusions: These findings suggest that 6-shogaol has the potential to be a promising natural product for the prevention and management of oral biofilm-related oral diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17182999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T10:08:58Z","timestamp":1758276538000},"page":"2999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of 6-Shogaol Derived from Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Dual-Species Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3737-5899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Ha","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dental Hygiene, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7277-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geelsu","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5967-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki-Rim","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dental Hygiene, Kyungpook National University, 2559 Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.008","article-title":"Oral Biofilms: Pathogens, Matrix, and Polymicrobial Interactions in Microenvironments","volume":"26","author":"Bowen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.05.016","article-title":"The Structure of Dental Plaque Microbial Communities in the Transition from Health to Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease","volume":"431","author":"Valm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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