{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:26:42Z","timestamp":1789140402277,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Body composition plays a crucial role in metabolic health, aging, and the development of various diseases. Vitamin D has been implicated in the regulation of muscle and adipose tissue function, but its relationship with body composition remains unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration, its subspecies, and body composition parameters and related phenotypes in Korean adults aged \u226520 years. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 2612 eligible participants from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2022\u20132023, and data on body composition parameters and serum 25(OH)D levels were analyzed. Serum 25(OH)D levels and subspecies were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Body composition factors included anthropometric indices, muscle strength, and fat and muscle mass, which were assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: After multivariable adjustment, serum concentrations of total 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 were inversely associated with waist circumference, body mass index, and fat mass and positively associated with handgrip strength and lean mass, whereas serum 25(OH)D2 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels showed no such associations. Higher 25(OH)D2 concentrations were positively associated with low muscle strength and the prevalence of sarcopenia. Through non-linear analyses, U-shaped correlations were identified between total 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 levels with low muscle mass, respectively, while a J-shaped correlation was observed between 25(OH)D2 level and low muscle mass. Conclusions: Total 25(OH)D and 25(OH)D3 levels were inversely associated with adiposity and positively associated with muscle strength and lean mass, whereas the 25(OH)D2 level was linked to low muscle strength and sarcopenia. The U- and J-shaped associations with low muscle mass indicate the complex and differential roles of vitamin D subspecies, warranting further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17183013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T10:05:17Z","timestamp":1758535517000},"page":"3013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Differential Associations of Vitamin D Metabolites with Adiposity and Muscle-Related Phenotypes in Korean Adults: Results from KNHANES 2022\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Se-Hong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok-Won","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4769-7234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ha-Na","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, St. Vincent\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980\u20132013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E439","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20135","article-title":"Associations of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue with markers of cardiac and metabolic risk in obese adults","volume":"21","author":"Neeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2011.618845","article-title":"Regional adiposity distribution and insulin resistance in young Chinese and European Australian women","volume":"71","author":"Boutcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. 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