{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:09:26Z","timestamp":1759190966762,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Boots Project Fund","award":["PIN 2022-III"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIN 2022-III"]}]},{"name":"Program for improving the production of people in the National Research System","award":["PRO-SNI 2022-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRO-SNI 2022-2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The search for natural alternatives in breast cancer (BC) management has spurred interest in plant-derived extracts, particularly oregano variants and their bioactive compound carvacrol (Cv). However, Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens) infusion (MoI) remains unexplored. This study aimed to chemically characterize MoI and compare its anticancer effects with Cv across BC cell lines, including aggressive triple-negative (TN) subtypes. Methods: MoI was analyzed for composition, antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, total phenols\/flavonoids), and phytochemical profile (FTIR, HPLC). Anticancer activity was assessed via MTT and LDH assays. Results: MoI exhibits strong antioxidant capacity and concentration-dependent antiproliferative effects, with IC50 values ranging from 0.08 to 0.18 mg\/mL across BC lines, significantly higher (i.e., less cytotoxic) than Cv IC50 of 121\u2013211 \u00b5M. Importantly, MoI displayed markedly lower cytotoxicity toward non-cancerous cells (IC50 0.18 mg\/mL) compared to Cv (IC50 110 \u00b5M). Conclusions: While both agents reduced metabolic activity, Cv induced a more acute suppression. These findings position MoI as a promising, selective candidate for BC therapy, particularly for poor-prognosis subtypes like TN BC, warranting further mechanistic investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T11:40:52Z","timestamp":1759146052000},"page":"3089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Antioxidant-Rich Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens) Infusion and Carvacrol: Impact on Metabolic Activity and Cytotoxicity in Breast Cancer Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6873-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian Enrique","family":"Rojo-Ruvalcaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biolog\u00eda Molecular en Medicina, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Gen\u00f3mica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9012-8619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Maldonado-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Infectocontagiosas (CIEIC), Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Patolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7057-4576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Mar\u00eda","family":"C\u00e1lix-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de C\u00e1ncer en la Infancia y la Adolescencia (INICIA), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4544-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elia Herminia","family":"Vald\u00e9s-Miramontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Comportamiento Alimentario y Nutrici\u00f3n (IICAN), Centro Universitario del Sur (CUSUR), Universidad de Guadalajara, Ciudad Guzm\u00e1n 49000, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3378-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Florencio","family":"G\u00f3mez-Leyva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico-Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Tlajomulco, DEPI, Tlajomulco de Z\u00fa\u00f1iga 45640, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa Arcelia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cobi\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Terap\u00e9utica Experimental y Cl\u00ednica (INTEC), Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro Ernesto","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de C\u00e1ncer en la Infancia y la Adolescencia (INICIA), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7879-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Carolina","family":"Machado-Sulbaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de C\u00e1ncer en la Infancia y la Adolescencia (INICIA), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2339-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo Ivette","family":"L\u00f3pez-Roa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Farmac\u00e9utico (LIDF), Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4903-1743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Balderas-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Farmac\u00e9utico (LIDF), Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8115-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trinidad","family":"Garc\u00eda-Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de C\u00e1ncer en la Infancia y la Adolescencia (INICIA), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cilibrasi, C., Papanastasopoulos, P., Samuels, M., and Giamas, G. 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