{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:18:11Z","timestamp":1790947091628,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["211992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CMU Presidential Scholarship","award":["No. 8393(25)\/1841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 8393(25)\/1841"]}]},{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University","award":["017\/2566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017\/2566"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand for the fiscal year 2024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N41A670180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N41A670180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, systemic inflammation, and immune imbalance. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial investigated the effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis TISTR 2591 (BA-2591), a probiotic strain isolated in Thailand, on metabolic, immunologic, and safety parameters. Methods: A total of 44 Thai adults (aged 35\u201365) with T2DM receiving metformin monotherapy were administered BA-2591 (1 \u00d7 109 CFU\/g\/day) or placebo for 6 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout and crossover. Results: Compared to placebo, BA-2591 significantly attenuated fasting blood glucose elevation (\u0394 = +1.143 mg\/dL vs. +12.570 mg\/dL; p &lt; 0.001), minimized the increase in insulin resistance (HOMA-IR: \u0394 = +0.567 vs. +0.980; p = 0.006), and enhanced \u03b2-cell function (HOMA-\u03b2: \u0394 = +6.791% vs. \u22128.313%; p &lt; 0.001). It also elevated immunoglobulin levels (IgM: +150.300 mg\/dL; IgG: +261.500 mg\/dL; p &lt; 0.001), reduced LDL-C (p = 0.009), and decreased cathepsin D activity (p = 0.005), with no significant changes in IL-6, adiponectin, MDA, hs-CRP, or body composition. No severe adverse effects were reported. Conclusions: BA-2591 was safe and demonstrated modest, adjunctive benefits for fasting glycemia and immunologic profiles over 6 weeks, without changes in body weight or fat mass. These findings support BA-2591 as a potential adjunct to standard care in early T2DM; larger and longer-duration trials are needed to define its effects on longer-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:01:39Z","timestamp":1759154499000},"page":"3097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis TISTR 2591 Improves Glycemic Control and Immune Response in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0583-0252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiritphon","family":"Khiaolaongam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1429-7709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kongsak","family":"Boonyapranai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaruwan","family":"Sitdhipol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Research Centre, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Pathumtani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Punnathorn","family":"Thaveethaptaikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Research Centre, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Pathumtani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-2516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurairat","family":"Khongrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2764-0465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pennapa","family":"Chonpathompikunlert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Research Centre, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Pathumtani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9067-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakaewan","family":"Ounjaijean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Boyko, E.J., Magliano, D.J., Karuranga, S., Piemonte, L., Riley, P., Saeedi, P., and Sun, H. 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