{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T02:20:45Z","timestamp":1778638845319,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundacja NUTRICIA","award":["No. RG 1\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. RG 1\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Iron is an essential nutrient for the proper development of infants. Iron deficiency, a common cause of anemia\u2014affects nearly half children under four years of age in developing countries. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of an intensive nutritional education program on the iron status of infants. Material and methods: The parents of 115 infants were randomly assigned to two groups: the study group, which received intensive nutritional education up to 12 months of age, and the control group, which received basic infant nutrition guidelines. Serum concentrations of iron metabolism parameters\u2014among others hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, ferroportin, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)\u2014were assessed at both the beginning and end of the study. Additionally, at the final time point, dietary intake of iron and components influencing its absorption (e.g., vitamin C, fiber, etc.) was evaluated based on food diaries completed by the parents. Results: At the end of the study, the study group showed a significantly higher level of hemoglobin (p = 0.0499), ferritin (p = 0.0067) and lower levels of TIBC (p = 0.0478) and ferroportin (p = 0.0410) compared to the control group. Moreover, infants in the study group demonstrated significantly higher intake of both iron (p = 0.0252) and vitamin C (p = 0.0458). Conclusions: Parental nutritional education contributes to improvements in iron metabolism indicators in infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T08:21:51Z","timestamp":1759220511000},"page":"3103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Influence of Intensive Nutritional Education on the Iron Status in Infants\u2014Randomised Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kinga","family":"Ilnicka-Borowczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Complex of Healthcare Institutions, Kosciuszki 96 Street, 64-700 Czarnkow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0204-0220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmara","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9589-522X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Dobrzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0745-4606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Podg\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Szymanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Medical Care Unit for Mothers and Children, Wrzoska 1 Street, 60-663 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Blask-Osipa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complex of Healthcare Institutions, Kosciuszki 96 Street, 64-700 Czarnkow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Mieloszyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Karol Jonscher Clinical Hospital of the Poznan University of Medical Science, Szpitalna 27\/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8291-5439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomira","family":"Drzyma\u0142a-Czy\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Warner, M.J., and Kamran, M.T. (2025). Iron Deficiency Anemia. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000481447","article-title":"Iron Nutriture of the Fetus, Neonate, Infant, and Child","volume":"71","author":"Cerami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e148671","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI148671","article-title":"Ironing out Mechanisms of Iron Homeostasis and Disorders of Iron Deficiency","volume":"131","author":"Koleini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Means, R.T. (2020). Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia: Implications and Impact in Pregnancy, Fetal Development, and Early Childhood Parameters. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020447"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508325","article-title":"A Systematic Analysis of Global Anemia Burden from 1990 to 2010","volume":"123","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e336","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2525","article-title":"An Event-Related Potential Study of Attention and Recognition Memory in Infants With Iron-Deficiency Anemia","volume":"120","author":"Burden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103089","article-title":"Cognitive Control Inhibition Networks in Adulthood Are Impaired by Early Iron Deficiency in Infancy","volume":"35","author":"Cecilia","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-19096-x","article-title":"Peripheral Iron Levels in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Tseng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17301-z","article-title":"Blood Lead Concentrations in Children with Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Farkhondeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023907","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1023907","article-title":"Nutrition and Cognitive Health: A Life Course Approach","volume":"11","author":"Puri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474664","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1474664","article-title":"Global Burden of Anemia and Cause among Children under Five Years 1990\u20132019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCann, S., Amad\u00f3, M.P., and Moore, S.E. (2020). The Role of Iron in Brain Development: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072001"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155978","article-title":"Iron Status of Toddlers, Nonpregnant Females, and Pregnant Females in the United States","volume":"106","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601751","article-title":"Iron Deficiency and Risk Factors for Lower Iron Stores in 6\u201324-Month-Old New Zealanders","volume":"58","author":"Soh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"279","article-title":"Iron Status in Early Childhood is Modified by Diet, Sex and Growth: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Vitamin D Trial","volume":"41","author":"Rosendahl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Edinb. Scotl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1159\/000098273","article-title":"The Effect of Dietary Habits and Socioeconomic Status on the Prevalence of Iron Deficiency in Children of Northern Greece","volume":"117","author":"Gompakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0907-5","article-title":"Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Toddlers","volume":"89","author":"Sundararajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"WHO (2015). The Global Prevalence of Anaemia in 2011, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396320666230727102042","article-title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia: An Updated Review","volume":"20","author":"Leung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Nguyen, M., and Tadi, P. (2025). Iron Supplementation. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001030","article-title":"Iron Deficiency in Infancy and Neurocognitive and Educational Outcomes in Young Adulthood","volume":"57","author":"East","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000496471","article-title":"Nutrition During Pregnancy, Lactation and Early Childhood and Its Implications for Maternal and Long-Term Child Health: The Early Nutrition Project Recommendations","volume":"74","author":"Koletzko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7614-0_1","article-title":"Nutritional Programming Effects on Development of Metabolic Disorders in Later Life","volume":"Volume 1735","author":"Guest","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investigations of Early Nutrition Effects on Long-Term Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000477781","article-title":"Long-Term Health Impact of Early Nutrition: The Power of Programming","volume":"70","author":"Koletzko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5114\/jhi.2022.117247","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 Knowledge of Nutritional Programming Influences DHA Intake in Children\u2014Analysis of Nutrition of Children Aged 13\u201336 Months in Poland","volume":"8","author":"Cichy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Health Inequalities"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak, D., Podg\u00f3rski, T., Dobrzy\u0144ska, M., Przys\u0142awski, J., Drzyma\u0142a, S., and Drzyma\u0142a-Czy\u017c, S. (2022). The Influence of Parents\u2019 Nutritional Education Program on Their Infants\u2019 Metabolic Health. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132671"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e928","DOI":"10.20883\/medical.e928","article-title":"Study Designs in Medical Research and Their Key Characteristics","volume":"92","author":"Nowak","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2025, August 07). The WHO Child Growth Standards. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/child-growth-standards\/standards."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Charzewska, J. (1998). Instruction of the Dietary Recall Gathering from the Last 24 Hours, National Food and Nutrition In Stitute."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Wojtasik, A., Wo\u017aniak, A., Sto\u015b, K., and Jarosz, M. (2020). Normy \u017bywienia Dla Populacji Polski i Ich Zastosowani, Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego\u2014Pa\u0144stwowy Zak\u0142ad Higieny."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e081123","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081123","article-title":"CONSORT 2025 Statement: Updated Guideline for Reporting Randomised Trials","volume":"389","author":"Hopewell","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2020000131","article-title":"Global Look at Nutritional and Functional Iron Deficiency in Infancy","volume":"2020","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333794X221110860","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X221110860","article-title":"Prevalence and Associated Factors of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Under-5 Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Gedfie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Pediatr. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40723-023-00114-7","article-title":"The Effect of Mothers\u2019 Nutritional Education and Knowledge on Children\u2019s Nutritional Status: A Systematic Review","volume":"17","author":"Prasetyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Child Care Educ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lassi, Z.S., Rind, F., Irfan, O., Hadi, R., Das, J.K., and Bhutta, Z.A. (2020). Impact of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Nutrition Interventions on Breastfeeding Practices, Growth and Mortality in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Systematic Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030722"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyae004","article-title":"Impact of Educational Intervention on Mothers of Infants with Iron-Deficiency Anemia","volume":"39","author":"Hasab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"205","article-title":"Effect of Nutrition Education Intervention on the Use of Micronutrients Powders for Children Aged 6\u201359 Months in Zanzibar City","volume":"12","author":"Nahdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Effectiveness of Nutrition Education, Iron Supplementation or Both on Iron Status in Children","volume":"40","author":"Kapur","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12173","article-title":"Adding Multiple Micronutrient Powders to a Homestead Food Production Programme Yields Marginally Significant Benefit on Anaemia Reduction Among Young Children in N Epal","volume":"11","author":"Osei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Nutr."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_40.1","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition Allergies (NDA) (2014). Scientific Opinion on the Substantiation of a Health Claim Related to Vitamin, C."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_40.2","unstructured":"Increasing Non Haem Iron Absorption Pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924\/2006. EFSA J., 12, 3514."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallahan, S., Brower, S., Wapshott-Stehli, H., Santos, J., and Ho, T.T.B. (2024). A Systematic Review of Isotopically Measured Iron Absorption in Infants and Children Under 2 Years. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223834"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dierkes, J., Nwaru, B.I., Ramel, A., Arnesen, E.K., Thorisdottir, B., Lamberg-Allardt, C., Spielau, U., S\u00f6derlund, F., B\u00e4rebring, L., and \u00c5kesson, A. (2023). Dietary Fiber and Growth, Iron Status and Bowel Function in Children 0\u20135 Years Old: A Systematic Review. Food Nutr. Res., 67.","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v67.9011"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9017","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2060933","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Fiber on Intestinal Iron Absorption, and Physiological Status: A Systematic Review of in Vivo and Clinical Studies","volume":"63","author":"Verediano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528709095855","article-title":"Wheat Fiber, Phytates and Iron Absorption","volume":"129","author":"Hallberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vonderheid, S.C., Tussing-Humphreys, L., Park, C., Pauls, H., OjiNjideka Hemphill, N., LaBomascus, B., McLeod, A., and Koenig, M.D. (2019). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Probiotic Species on Iron Absorption and Iron Status. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122938"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02653-6","article-title":"Dietary Intake of Protein and Fat of 12- to 36-Month-Old Children in a Dutch Total Diet Study","volume":"61","author":"Pustjens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"269","article-title":"Protein Intake Pattern in Non-Breastfed Infants and Toddlers: A Survey in a Nationally Representative Sample of French Children","volume":"41","author":"Chouraqui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Edinb. Scotl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0881-6","article-title":"Age and Time Trends in the Diet of Young Children: Results of the DONALD Study","volume":"55","author":"Foterek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldbohm, R.A., Rubingh, C.M., Lanting, C.I., and Joosten, K.F.M. (2016). Food Consumption and Nutrient Intake by Children Aged 10 to 48 Months Attending Day Care in The Netherlands. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8070428"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, M. (2018). Protein Intake during the First Two Years of Life and Its Association with Growth and Risk of Overweight. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081742"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2004.01.002","article-title":"Serum Iron, Ferritin, Transferrin, Total Iron Binding Capacity, hs-CRP, LDL Cholesterol and Magnesium in Children; New Reference Intervals Using the Dade Dimension Clinical Chemistry System","volume":"342","author":"Soldin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.26625\/10029","article-title":"Diagnostyka i Leczenie Niedoboru \u017belaza Oraz Niedokrwisto\u015bci z Niedoboru \u017belaza u Dzieci i M\u0142odzie\u017cy. Rekomendacje Polskiego Towarzystwa Pediatrycznego, Polskiego Towarzystwa Onkologii i Hematologii Dzieci\u0119cej, Polskiego Towarzystwa Neonatologicznego, Polskiego Towarzystwa Medycyny Rodzinnej","volume":"52","author":"Chaber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prz. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"WHO (2020). Guideline on Use of Ferritin Concentrations to Assess Iron Status in Individuals and Populations, WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee; World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03597-5","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Iron Deficiency in Children with or without Anemia: Consensus Recommendations of the SPOG Pediatric Hematology Working Group","volume":"179","author":"Mattiello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2002.176","article-title":"Total Iron Binding Capacity and Transferrin Concentration in the Assessment of Iron Status","volume":"40","author":"Kasvosve","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-019-01320-3","article-title":"Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Is a Potential Biomarker of Left Ventricular Remodelling for Patients with Iron Deficiency Anaemia","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2012.03.004","article-title":"Ferroportin-Mediated Iron Transport: Expression and Regulation","volume":"1823","author":"Ward","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA\u2014Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemeth, E., and Ganz, T. (2021). Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126493"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/19\/3103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T04:29:01Z","timestamp":1759292941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/19\/3103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17193103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17193103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]}}}