{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T08:19:17Z","timestamp":1782980357504,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: L-Citrulline (CIT) is a non-essential amino acid abundant in watermelon and commonly used as a dietary supplement to enhance exercise performance. Although its benefits for endurance and resistance training are well documented, its effects on body composition remain uncertain. This systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of CIT supplementation on anthropometric parameters. Methods: A comprehensive search of major databases identified relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published until March 2025. A random-effects model was used to synthesize the data. Results: Twenty-one RCTs were included. Overall, CIT supplementation had no substantial effects on body mass index (BMI), body weight, fat mass (FM), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BFP), and fat-free mass (FFM). Subgroup analyses revealed reductions in FM among participants over 40 years of age and in those administered more than 6 g\/day of CIT. Interventions lasting 3 to 8 weeks were associated with a significant increase in FFM. Dose\u2013response analyses suggested a non-linear association between CIT supplementation duration and changes in FM and FFM. Conclusions: CIT supplementation appears to have no overall effect on body composition. However, exploratory findings indicated potential benefits at higher doses or shorter durations. Rigorous trials controlling for dietary intake and training variables are needed to clarify its long-term effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T13:52:46Z","timestamp":1759240366000},"page":"3126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Citrulline or Watermelon Supplementation on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7968-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damoon","family":"Ashtary-Larky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9157-1922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shooka","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Amir Hossein","family":"Mousavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Hajizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Physiology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht 7371113119, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren G.","family":"Candow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S OA2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6896-5552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott C.","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8064-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Afrisham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vida","family":"Farrokhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8930-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 32004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6572-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306825","article-title":"Epidemiology of obesity and diabetes and their cardiovascular complications","volume":"118","author":"Bhupathiraju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. 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