{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T19:11:11Z","timestamp":1767899471816,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["B.SUB.23.133; B.SUB.24.163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.133; B.SUB.24.163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens that obscures the passage of light, effectively reducing clarity and sharpness of vision. Although this disease can affect both children and adults, the most common type is the age-related cataract (ARC). The literature describes many potential agents associated with cataract development. However, this study focuses on modifiable factors, especially nutritional ones and those that may induce oxidative stress. The objective of the present study was to assess serum selenium (Se), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) concentrations, as well as the copper\/zinc molar ratio (Cu\/Zn molar ratio), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI), of patients with ARC in relation to their dietary habits. Methods: A total of 68 patients with ARC and 64 healthy volunteers, with ages ranging from 48 to 92 years, were included in this study. The experimental material collected from the participants consisted of blood samples, which were tested for Se, Cu, and Zn concentrations using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Oxidative stress (OS) parameters, such as TAS and TOS, were estimated spectrophotometrically. In addition, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect information on the dietary habits of ARC patients. Results: Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the concentrations of Se, Cu, and Zn in serum were significantly lower in ARC patients compared to the controls. In the ARC group, some elements of dietary behavior had a significant effect on the levels of the examined elements and OS parameters. Conclusions: Thus, eventual alterations to one\u2019s diet appear to be worth considering in the context of maintaining homeostasis and adequate mineral levels in ARC patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17203237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:29:38Z","timestamp":1760599778000},"page":"3237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Influence of Dietary Habits on Oxidative Stress Parameters, Selenium, Copper, and Zinc Levels in the Serum of Patients with Age-Related Cataract"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7421-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Falkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Zawadzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2230-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Grabia-Lis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5406-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika Patrycja","family":"Dobiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0631-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryla","family":"M\u0142ynarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9088-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Konopi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5949-7061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Socha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulbay, M., Wu, K.Y., Nirwal, G.K., B\u00e9langer, P., and Tran, S.D. (2024). Oxidative Stress and Cataract Formation: Evaluating the Efficacy of Antioxidant Therapies. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14091055"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2013.07.068","article-title":"Natural antioxidant biomolecules promises future nanomedicine based therapy for cataract","volume":"112","author":"Sunkireddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01839-6","article-title":"Cataracts","volume":"401","author":"Cicinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2023.10.022","article-title":"Early Diagnosis of Syndromic Congenital Cataracts in a Large Cohort of Congenital Cataracts","volume":"263","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090060119035","article-title":"The Lens Opacities Classification System III. The Longitudinal Study of Cataract Study Group","volume":"111","author":"Chylack","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000459","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000459","article-title":"The Structure of the Lens and Its Associations with the Visual Quality","volume":"5","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0806-3","article-title":"Global and regional prevalence of age-related cataract: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Hashemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000910","article-title":"Advances in drug therapy and delivery for cataract treatment","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research progress on antioxidants and protein aggregation inhibitors in cataract prevention and therapy (Review)","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.03.006","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines for cataract surgery: Guidelines based on data in the European Registry of Quality Outcomes for Cataract and Refractive Surgery database","volume":"38","author":"Barry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30544-5","article-title":"Cataracts","volume":"390","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkowska, M., M\u0142ynarczyk, M., Micun, Z., Konopi\u0144ska, J., and Socha, K. (2023). Influence of Diet, Dietary Products and Vitamins on Age-Related Cataract Incidence: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214585"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Qin, X., Xu, T., Chu, F., and He, B. (2024). Research progress on the correlation between cataract occurrence and nutrition. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1405033"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7","article-title":"Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: The Right to Sight: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"9","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Grabska-Liberek, I.L.W., Rejdak, R., R\u0119kas, M., Romanowska-Dixon, B., Szaflik, J., Wyl\u0119ga\u0142a, E., and \u017barnowski, T. (2025, October 01). Qualification Standards for Cataract Removal Surgery, Available online: https:\/\/www.nfz.gov.pl\/aktualnosci\/aktualnosci-centrali\/nowe-standardy-kwalifikacji-do-zabiegow-usuniecia-zacmy,7176.html."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Rychlik, E.S.K., Wo\u017aniak, A., and Mojskiej, H. (2024). Nutritional Standards for the Polish Population, National Institute of Public Health\u2014National Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Gom\u00f3\u0142ka, E. (2017). Toxicology Diagnosis. Laboratory Diagnostics with Elements of Clinical Biochemistry, Edra Urban & Partner. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2025, September 07). Total Antioxidant Status (TAS). Randox Laboratories Ltd. Available online: https:\/\/www.randox.com\/total-antioxidant-status\/."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008","article-title":"A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status","volume":"38","author":"Erel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wr\u00f3blewska, J., Nuszkiewicz, J., Wr\u00f3blewski, M., Wr\u00f3blewska, W., and Wo\u017aniak, A. (2024). Selected Trace Elements and Their Impact on Redox Homeostasis in Eye Health. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14111356"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Buonfiglio, F., Zeng, Y., Pfeiffer, N., and Gericke, A. (2024). Oxidative Stress in Cataract Formation: Is There a Treatment Approach on the Horizon?. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13101249"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsueh, Y.J., Chen, Y.N., Tsao, Y.T., Cheng, C.M., Wu, W.C., and Chen, H.C. (2022). The Pathomechanism, Antioxidant Biomarkers, and Treatment of Oxidative Stress-Related Eye Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031255"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu, D.Y., Chaudhary, S., Cho, K.S., Lennikov, A., Miller, W.P., Thorn, D.C., Yang, M., and McKay, T.B. (2023). Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Diseases: A Balancing Act. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13020187"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e24878","article-title":"Impact of Food Habits on Cataract Development Among Adults in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study","volume":"14","author":"Aldhabaan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/67222","article-title":"Selenium\u2014A fascinating antioxidant of protective properties","volume":"27","author":"Kocot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/90886","article-title":"Serum selenium levels are associated with age-related cataract","volume":"25","author":"Post","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02913326","article-title":"Evaluation of serum zinc level and plasma SOD activity in senile cataract patients under oxidative stress","volume":"22","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.74.11.661","article-title":"Aqueous humour and serum zinc and copper concentrations of patients with glaucoma and cataract","volume":"74","author":"Akyol","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"978","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and the total antioxidant status in the pathogenesis of age related and diabetic cataracts: A study on the lens and blood","volume":"7","author":"Katta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"83","article-title":"Total antioxidant capacity in Eales\u2019 disease, uveitis & cataract","volume":"134","author":"Selvi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_19_24","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant status of lens epithelial cells in cataract patients","volume":"72","author":"Jadhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014003115","article-title":"Vitamin E and risk of age-related cataract: A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.02.025","article-title":"Association of vitamin A and \u03b2-carotene with risk for age-related cataract: A meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.781011","article-title":"Bioavailability of Micronutrients from Plant Foods: An Update","volume":"56","author":"Platel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2013.0336","article-title":"Mechanisms of cataractogenesis in the presence of magnesium deficiency","volume":"26","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.25.1.9.9960","article-title":"Blood and lens lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in normal individuals, senile and diabetic cataractous patients","volume":"25","author":"Donma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0844(200012)18:4<259::AID-CBF881>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Determination of calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium concentrations in human senile cataractous lenses","volume":"18","author":"Dilsiz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell. Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micun, Z., Falkowska, M., M\u0142ynarczyk, M., Kochanowicz, J., Socha, K., and Konopi\u0144ska, J. (2022). Levels of Trace Elements in the Lens, Aqueous Humour, and Plasma of Cataractous Patients\u2014A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610376"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.05.008","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency: Does it have a role to play in cataractogenesis?","volume":"101","author":"Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-010-0282-8","article-title":"Association between folate status, diabetes, antihypertensive medication and age-related cataracts in elderly Taiwanese","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004028","article-title":"Diet, vegetarianism, and cataract risk","volume":"93","author":"Appleby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06592-w","article-title":"Association between vitamin D level and cataract: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"263","author":"Jue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"586","article-title":"Nutrient patterns and risk of cataract: A case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Sedaghat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-013-9795-6","article-title":"Diet and cataract: A case-control study","volume":"34","author":"Theodoropoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20190116","article-title":"Intake of Vegetables and Fruits and the Risk of Cataract Incidence in a Japanese Population: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study","volume":"31","author":"Adachi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastor-Valero, M. (2013). Fruit and vegetable intake and vitamins C and E are associated with a reduced prevalence of cataract in a Spanish Mediterranean population. BMC Ophthalmol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-13-52"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"18455","article-title":"Association between vegetables consumption and the risk of age-related cataract: A meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2020.11.003","article-title":"A Vegetarian Diet Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Cataract, Particularly Among Individuals with Overweight: A Prospective Study","volume":"121","author":"Chiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010251","article-title":"Dietary sodium intake and cataract: The Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"151","author":"Cumming","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13695","article-title":"Association between dietary carbohydrate intake and dietary glycemic index and risk of age-related cataract: A meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u0142ynarska, E., Biskup, L., Mo\u017cd\u017can, M., Grygorcewicz, O., Mo\u017cd\u017can, Z., Semeradt, J., Uramowski, M., Rysz, J., and Franczyk, B. (2024). The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hypertension: The Insight into Antihypertensive Properties of Vitamins A, C and E. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070848"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"67","article-title":"Zinc Status Among Smokers and Non Smokers: Relation to Oxidative Stress","volume":"4","author":"Haji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dohok Med. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabia, M., Socha, K., Soroczy\u0144ska, J., Bossowski, A., and Markiewicz-\u017bukowska, R. (2023). Determinants Related to Oxidative Stress Parameters in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092084"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/20\/3237\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T04:27:15Z","timestamp":1760675235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/20\/3237"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17203237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17203237","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]}}}