{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:33:01Z","timestamp":1787311981494,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: L-arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid that serves as a substrate for nitric oxide synthase and regulates energy metabolism. While its ergogenic effects have been proposed, the mechanisms underlying its anti-fatigue properties are not fully understood. Methods: Male ICR mice were orally administered L-arginine (300, 600, or 1200 mg\/kg bw\/day) for 28 days. Fatigue was chronically induced using twice-weekly forced swimming or treadmill running, and fatigue resistance was then assessed under these paradigms. Blood, skeletal muscle, and liver were analyzed for biomarkers including glucose, lactate, LDH, CPK, NEFA, ammonia, glycogen, nitric oxide, cortisol, and antioxidant enzymes. In parallel, C2C12 myoblasts were treated with L-arginine under proliferative and differentiated conditions to assess hexokinase (HK) activity, myogenin expression, and ROS generation. Results: In vivo, L-arginine decreased serum LDH, CPK, NEFA, ammonia, nitric oxide, and cortisol, while enhancing blood glucose and glycogen storage in both muscle and liver. Forced swimming reduced serum lactate, whereas treadmill exercise elevated intramuscular lactate, suggesting context-dependent lactate regulation. Importantly, L-arginine did not significantly improve forced-swimming immobility time, whereas treadmill time-to-exhaustion increased at the highest dose. Antioxidant responses were improved, as reflected by normalized hepatic catalase activity. In vitro, L-arginine increased HK activity, promoted myogenin expression, and reduced ROS levels, supporting improved glucose utilization, muscle differentiation, and oxidative stress resistance. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that L-arginine supplementation under chronic fatigue-inducing paradigms improves endurance and alleviates fatigue by enhancing energy metabolism, preserving glycogen, reducing muscle injury, and attenuating oxidative stress. L-arginine shows potential as a functional ingredient for promoting exercise performance and recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17203239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T07:29:38Z","timestamp":1760599778000},"page":"3239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["L-Arginine Supplementation Improves Endurance Under Chronic Fatigue: Inducing In Vivo Paradigms with In Vitro Support"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4899-0336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Conformity Laboratories, 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 Beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0159-3643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Conformity Laboratories, 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 Beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu Sup","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Conformity Laboratories, 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 Beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Ji","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daesang Wellife, Seoul 03130, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6434-4537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Min","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daesang Wellife, Seoul 03130, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4080-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeon Yeol","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Conformity Laboratories, 8, Gaetbeol-ro 145 Beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2007","article-title":"Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress: Cellular Mechanisms and Impact on Muscle Force Production","volume":"88","author":"Powers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. 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