{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T09:06:12Z","timestamp":1788599172756,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are increasingly consumed worldwide, particularly during childhood, raising growing concerns for health. Although UPFs have been associated with obesity and cardiometabolic disorders, emerging evidence suggests a potential role also in respiratory and allergic diseases. This review critically examines the epidemiological evidence and biological mechanisms linking UPF consumption to respiratory and allergic outcomes in children. To this end, a structured literature search was conducted in the PubMed database, including articles published between 2006 and 2025, selected based on their relevance to the association between UPF consumption and asthma, wheezing, or food allergies in the pediatric population. Four cohort studies on asthma and wheezing, conducted mainly in Brazil and Spain, and two cross-sectional studies\u2014including one global multicenter study\u2014were identified. In addition, four pediatric studies on food allergies from Europe and South America were found, consisting of two cohort studies and two cross-sectional studies. The proposed mechanisms include disruption of the gut barrier, microbiota dysbiosis, chronic inflammation through the AGE\u2013RAGE axis, skewing of immune responses toward a Th2 profile, and indirect effects through obesity and micronutrient deficiencies. Similar pathways may promote allergic sensitization and the development of food allergies. Although current evidence supports the potential role of UPFs in pediatric respiratory and allergic diseases, further longitudinal and interventional studies are needed. Meanwhile, promoting fresh and minimally processed dietary patterns may help protect children\u2019s respiratory and immune health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17203269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:29:17Z","timestamp":1760711357000},"page":"3269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Ultra-Processed Foods and Respiratory and Allergic Diseases in Childhood: Epidemiological Evidence and Mechanistic Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8369-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Miraglia del Giudice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9952-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Dinardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5029-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Grella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Perrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9513-193X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Indolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7823-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Klain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.04.016","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Foods and Human Health: An Umbrella Review and Updated Meta-Analyses of Observational Evidence","volume":"43","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/10408444.2024.2362985","article-title":"Dietary Glycation Compounds\u2014Implications for Human Health","volume":"54","author":"Hellwig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2457341","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.57341","article-title":"Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Obesity Development in Canadian Children","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-024-00517-z","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Food and Obesity: What Is the Evidence?","volume":"13","author":"Dicken","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2411852","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.11852","article-title":"Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children","volume":"7","author":"Khoury","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.08.005","article-title":"The Association between Maternal Ultra-Processed Food Consumption during Pregnancy and Child Neuropsychological Development: A Population-Based Birth Cohort Study","volume":"41","author":"Romaguera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2024.2306296","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Food Allergy in Children and Adolescents","volume":"75","author":"Kotchetkoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14231","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.14231","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Foods, Allergy Outcomes and Underlying Mechanisms in Children: An EAACI Task Force Report","volume":"35","author":"Carucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.11.023","article-title":"How Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products Could Facilitate the Occurrence of Food Allergy","volume":"153","author":"Paparo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"18","article-title":"Consumption of Ultra-Processed Products and Wheezing Respiratory Diseases in Children: The SENDO Project","volume":"95","year":"2021","journal-title":"An. Pediatr\u00eda (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009990474","article-title":"Prenatal and Childhood Mediterranean Diet and the Development of Asthma and Allergies in Children","volume":"12","author":"Chatzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2023.2276033","article-title":"Greater Fruit and Vegetables Consumption, and Adherence to a Mediterranean Type of Diet Reduces the Risk for Asthma in Children; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"75","author":"Antonogeorgos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202285","article-title":"Do Fast Foods Cause Asthma, Rhinoconjunctivitis and Eczema? Global Findings from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three","volume":"68","author":"Ellwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12911","article-title":"Associations of Ultra-Processed Food and Drink Products with Asthma and Wheezing among Brazilian Adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Melo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.10.018","article-title":"Food Allergy across the Globe","volume":"148","author":"Sampath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2023.09.006","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Children and Adolescents\u2019 Health","volume":"100","author":"Mescoloto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. (Rio. J)."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"13","article-title":"Nova Score for the Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods: Description and Performance Evaluation in Brazil","volume":"55","author":"Gabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201707-530OC","article-title":"Prenatal and Early Life Fructose, Fructose-Containing Beverages, and Midchildhood Asthma","volume":"15","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maslova, E., Str\u00f8m, M., Olsen, S.F., and Halldorsson, T.I. (2013). Consumption of Artificially-Sweetened Soft Drinks in Pregnancy and Risk of Child Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057261"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, J.X.P.T., Ribeiro, C.C.C., Batista, R.F.L., De Britto Alves, M.T.S.S., Sim\u00f5es, V.M.F., Padilha, L.L., Cardoso, V.C., Vianna, E.O., Bettiol, H., and Barbieri, M.A. (2017). The First 1000 Days of Life Factors Associated with \u201cChildhood Asthma Symptoms\u201d: Brisa Cohort, Brazil. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16295-4"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700073","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00073-2017","article-title":"Maternal Intake of Sugar during Pregnancy and Childhood Respiratory and Atopic Outcomes","volume":"50","author":"Northstone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-015-0097-x","article-title":"Intake of High Fructose Corn Syrup Sweetened Soft Drinks Is Associated with Prevalent Chronic Bronchitis in U.S. Adults, Ages 20\u201355 Y","volume":"14","author":"Dechristopher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2021.1895210","article-title":"Association between Asthma and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in the United States Pediatric Population","volume":"59","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2022.2062672","article-title":"The Role of High Carbohydrate-Rich Food Intake and Severity of Asthma Exacerbation in Children between 2 to 6 Years Aged","volume":"60","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.05.035","article-title":"Diet and Food Allergy Development during Infancy: Birth Cohort Study Findings Using Prospective Food Diary Data","volume":"133","author":"Grimshaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13126","article-title":"Ultra-Processed Food Consumption during Childhood and Asthma in Adolescence: Data from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study","volume":"31","author":"Cortese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101877","article-title":"The Association of Pure Fruit Juice, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Fruit Consumption with Asthma Prevalence in Adolescents Growing up from 11 to 20 Years: The PIAMA Birth Cohort Study","volume":"28","author":"Scheffers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Reports"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.01.029","article-title":"Different Measures of Diet Diversity During Infancy and the Association with Childhood Food Allergy in a UK Birth Cohort Study","volume":"8","author":"Venter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2025, June 28). ISAAC\u2014The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Available online: https:\/\/isaac.auckland.ac.nz\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carucci, L., Votto, M., Licari, A., Marseglia, G.L., and Berni Canani, R. (2023). Food Allergy: Cause or Consequence of Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis? Potential Implications of Ultraprocessed Foods in Prevention and Management. Front. Allergy, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2023.1138400"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinardo, G., Fiocchi, A., Artesani, M.C., De Angelis, P., Rea, F., Tambucci, R., Dahdah, L., Fierro, V., Valluzzi, R.L., and Arasi, S. (2025). Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Cow\u2019s Milk: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Treatment Perspectives. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020265"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.08.015","article-title":"The Processed Milk Hypothesis: A Major Factor in the Development of Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)?","volume":"154","author":"Baker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva Oliveira, E.K., Vieira, T.d.S., de Souza, O.F., Noll, P.R.e.S., Bezerra, I.M.P., Cavalcanti, M.P.E., de Abreu, L.C., and Riera, A.R.P. (2024). Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods in the Brazilian Amazon during COVID-19. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132117"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114524001429","article-title":"Determinants of the Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods in the Brazilian Population","volume":"132","author":"Silveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serra, H.C.O.A., Rudakoff, L.C.S., Muniz, A.K.O.A., Magalh\u00e3es, E.I.d.S., Bragan\u00e7a, M.L.B.M., da Silva, A.A.M., Vianna, E.d.S.O., Bettiol, H., and Barbieri, M.A. (2023). Association between the Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Asthma in Adults from Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15143165"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2024.13","article-title":"Processed Food Consumption and Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in South Africa: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) VII","volume":"13","author":"Godbharle","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, C.Y., Wu, C.H., Lu, C.H., Kuo, Y.M., Li, K.J., Hsieh, S.C., and Yu, C.L. (2019). Advanced Glycation End Products of Bovine Serum Albumin Suppressed Th1\/Th2 Cytokine but Enhanced Monocyte IL-6 Gene Expression via MAPK-ERK and MyD88 Transduced NF-\u039aB P50 Signaling Pathways. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24132461"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bevilacqua, A., Speranza, B., Racioppo, A., Santillo, A., Albenzio, M., Derossi, A., Caporizzi, R., Francavilla, M., Racca, D., and Flagella, Z. (2024). Ultra-Processed Food and Gut Microbiota: Do Additives Affect Eubiosis? A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010002"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-00987-1","article-title":"Complex Regulatory Effects of Gut Microbial Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Immune Tolerance and Autoimmunity","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01142-w","article-title":"Naturally Derived Bioactive Compounds as Regulators of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Asthma","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14527","DOI":"10.1021\/ja059794d","article-title":"The Maillard Reaction:\u2009 Chemistry, Biochemistry and Implications By Harry Nursten (The University of Reading, Reading, U.K.). Royal Society of Chemistry:\u2009 Cambridge. 2005. Xii + 214 Pp. $199.00. ISBN 0-85404-964-9","volume":"127","author":"Baynes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s40629-022-00211-y","article-title":"Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis and the Development of Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"31","author":"Yazici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergo J. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03199.x","article-title":"Effects of Glycation of the Model Food Allergen Ovalbumin on Antigen Uptake and Presentation by Human Dendritic Cells","volume":"129","author":"Hilmenyuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.4.2483","article-title":"Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts Mediates Neutrophil Migration across Intestinal Epithelium","volume":"178","author":"Zen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briceno Noriega, D., Zenker, H.E., Croes, C.A., Ewaz, A., Ruinemans-Koerts, J., Savelkoul, H.F.J., van Neerven, R.J.J., and Teodorowicz, M. (2022). Receptor Mediated Effects of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) on Innate and Adaptative Immunity: Relevance for Food Allergy. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020371"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-024-01782-z","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Epigenome-Wide Association Studies of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption with DNA Methylation in European Children","volume":"17","author":"Stratakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.26574\/maedica.2019.14.4.402","article-title":"Asthma and Ultra-Processed Food","volume":"14","author":"HANCU","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maedica"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2025, September 19). Appendix E-3.4: USDA Food Patterns\u2014Adequacy for Young Children, Available online: https:\/\/odphp.health.gov\/our-work\/nutrition-physical-activity\/dietary-guidelines\/previous-dietary-guidelines\/2015\/advisory-report\/appendix-e-3\/appendix-e-34."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2025, September 19). WHO Guideline for Complementary Feeding of Infants and Young Children 6\u201323 Months of Age. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240081864."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx227","article-title":"Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"73","author":"Tosti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy013","article-title":"Microbiome-Mediated Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on Inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Bailey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01722.x","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Reduced Asthma and Rhinitis in Mexican Children","volume":"63","author":"Romieu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01665.x","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Fresh Fruit Intake Are Associated with Improved Asthma Control","volume":"63","author":"Barros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-015-9792-9","article-title":"Association Between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Asthma in Peruvian Children","volume":"193","author":"Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100381","article-title":"A New Mediterranean Lifestyle Pyramid for Children and Youth: A Critical Lifestyle Tool for Preventing Obesity and Associated Cardiometabolic Diseases in a Sustainable Context","volume":"16","author":"Casas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2021.100584","article-title":"Harmonizing Allergy Care\u2013Integrated Care Pathways and Multidisciplinary Approaches","volume":"14","author":"Daniels","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilieva, G., Yankova, T., Ruseva, M., Dzhabarova, Y., Klisarova-Belcheva, S., and Dimitrov, A. (2025). Consumer Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Ultra-Processed Foods. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202502.2074.v1"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/20\/3269\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:26:11Z","timestamp":1760952371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/20\/3269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17203269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17203269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]}}}