{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:59:55Z","timestamp":1790762395208,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ultra Sports Science Foundation"},{"name":"BASE Facility, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This exploratory study aimed to evaluate the impact of an 80 km ultra-marathon trail running event on changes in faecal bacterial composition, and to investigate whether any correlations exist between exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (Ex-GIS) with faecal bacterial profiles. Such events represent a unique physiological stressor and may impact the composition of the gut microbiota. Studying this impact may provide insights into acute (i.e., &lt;24 h) gut microbiota changes under extreme conditions. Methods: Thirteen endurance athletes (n = 7 males, n = 6 females) aged 41 \u00b1 8 years completed the 80 km Margaret River (Australia) ultra-marathon race in 2022. Faecal samples were collected pre- and post-race. Faecal bacterial profile, as per relative abundance (RA) of operational taxonomic units and the determination of \u03b1-diversity (Shannon Equitability Index (SEI)), was achieved by 16S rRNA amplicon gene sequencing. Changes in RA% and SEI pre- to post-race were assessed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Correlations between Ex-GIS with bacterial profile and changes pre-, during, and post-ultra-marathon race were determined by Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficients. Results: Bacterial calculations of phyla (n = 5), family (n = 23), and genus (n = 41) were detected for RA (\u22650.5%). A significant decrease pre- to post-race of Actinobacteriota (p = 0.035) phyla, Bifidobacteriaceae (p = 0.007), and Clostridiaceae (p = 0.010) family, and Blautia (p = 0.039) and Subdoligranulum (p = 0.023) genus was determined; meanwhile, Oscillospiraceae (p = 0.016) and Monoglobaceae (p = 0.039) family significantly increased pre- to post-race. No other bacterial group changes were observed. No correlations were observed between pre- to post-ultra-marathon RA change and Ex-GIS. Conclusions: The completion of an 80 km ultra-marathon did not invoke substantial changes in the gut microbiota as determined by faecal bacterial profiling. Very strong and strong correlations were observed between certain bacterial groups and Ex-GIS; however, no significant correlations were observed between pre- to post-ultra-marathon changes in RA \u2265 0.5% and Ex-GIS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17203275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:23:34Z","timestamp":1760952214000},"page":"3275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Impact of Ultra-Marathon Running on the Gut Microbiota as Determined by Faecal Bacterial Profiling, and Its Relationship with Exercise-Associated Gastrointestinal Symptoms: An Exploratory Investigation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0289-7857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayla","family":"Henningsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Sports and Exercise Dietetics & Extremes Physiology Research Group, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie K.","family":"Gaskell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Sports and Exercise Dietetics & Extremes Physiology Research Group, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Sports and Exercise Dietetics & Extremes Physiology Research Group, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Mika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Sports and Exercise Dietetics & Extremes Physiology Research Group, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6530-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3069-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo J. S.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Sports and Exercise Dietetics & Extremes Physiology Research Group, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2018.1502188","article-title":"Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: Part 1\u2014Nutrition","volume":"27","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Sports. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colangelo, J., Smith, A., Buadze, A., and Liebrenz, M. (2023). Ultra culture-ultra reality: A content analysis of YouTube depictions of ultra endurance sport and comparisons to scientific literature. Front. Sports Act. Living, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2023.1192401"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"272","article-title":"Defining Off-road Running: A Position Statement from the Ultra Sports Science Foundation","volume":"41","author":"Scheer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSPP.2016-0472","article-title":"State of the Science\u2014Ultraendurance Sports","volume":"11","author":"Hoffman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01561-3","article-title":"Potential Long-Term Health Problems Associated with Ultra-Endurance Running: A Narrative Review","volume":"52","author":"Scheer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02186-6","article-title":"The prevention and management of exercise-associated gastrointestinal perturbations and symptoms: A practitioner guide (Sports Dietitians Australia and Ultra Sports Science Foundation Joint Position Statement)","volume":"55","author":"Costa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2022-0048","article-title":"Assessment of Exercise-Associated Gastrointestinal Perturbations in Research and Practical Settings: Methodological Concerns and Recommendations for Best Practice","volume":"32","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01032.2018","article-title":"Impact of exercise-induced hypohydration on gastrointestinal integrity, function, symptoms, and systemic endotoxin and inflammatory profile","volume":"126","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, I., Della Gatta, P.A., Garnham, A., Porter, J., Burke, L.M., and Costa, R.J.S. (2020). Does the nutritional composition of dairy milk based recovery beverages influence post-exercise gastrointestinal and immune status, and subsequent markers of recovery optimisation in response to high intensity interval exercise?. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.622270"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russo, I., Della Gatta, P.A., Garnham, A., Porter, J., Burke, L.M., and Costa, R.J.S. (2021). Assessing overall exercise recovery processes using carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein containing recovery beverages. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.628863"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0847","article-title":"The effects of an acute \u201ctrain-low\u201d nutritional protocol on markers of recovery optimization in endurance-trained male athletes","volume":"16","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1478612","article-title":"Does biological sex impact intestinal epithelial injury, small intestine permeability, gastrointestinal symptoms and systemic cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress?","volume":"36","author":"Snipe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284536","article-title":"Plasma measurements of the dual sugar test reveal carbohydrate immediately alleviates intestinal permeability caused by exertional heat stress","volume":"601","author":"Houghton","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2235-1629","article-title":"Exertional Stress-induced Pathogenic Luminal Content Translocation\u2014Friend or Foe?","volume":"45","author":"Henningsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"114","article-title":"Circulatory endotoxin concentration and cytokine profile in response to exertional-heat stress during a multi-stage ultra-marathon competition","volume":"21","author":"Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1398535","article-title":"The impact of a 24-hour ultra-marathon on circulatory endotoxin and cytokine profile","volume":"36","author":"Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2015-0186","article-title":"Does acute high dose probiotic supplementation containing lactobacillus casei attenuate exertional-heat stress induced endotoxaemia and cytokinaemia?","volume":"26","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo, D.J., Rifkin, R.F., Cowan, D.A., and Potgieter, M. (2019). The healthy human blood microbiome: Fact or fiction?. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00148"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.06.002","article-title":"Is the gut microbiota bacterial abundance and composition associated with intestinal epithelial injury, systemic inflammatory profile, and gastrointestinal symptoms in response to exertional-heat stress?","volume":"23","author":"Bennett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2015.1087518","article-title":"The characteristics and function of bacterial lipopolysaccharides and their endotoxic potential in humans","volume":"35","author":"Gnauck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"237","article-title":"Endotoxaemia in multiple organ failure due to sepsis","volume":"272","author":"Ramsay","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaskell, S.K., Henningsen, K., Young, P., Gill, P., Muir, J., Henry, R., and Costa, R.J.S. (2023). The Impact of a 24-h Low and High Fermentable Oligo- Di- Mono-Saccharides and Polyol (FODMAP) Diet on Plasma Bacterial Profile in Response to Exertional-Heat Stress. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153376"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831972","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3831972","article-title":"Exercise Modifies the Gut Microbiota with Positive Health Effects","volume":"2017","author":"Monda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, P., Russo, I., Gill, P., Muir, J., Henry, R., Davidson, Z., and Costa, R.J.S. (2023). Reliability of pathophysiological markers reflective of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) in response to 2-h high-intensity interval exercise: A comprehensive methodological efficacy exploration. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1063335"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2024-0127","article-title":"The Effects of Prebiotic Supplementation on Markers of Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome in Response to Exertional Heat Stress","volume":"35","author":"Rauch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2017-0398","article-title":"Case Study: Applying a low FODMAP dietary intervention to a female ultra-endurance runner with irritable bowel syndrome during a multi-stage ultra-marathon","volume":"29","author":"Gaskell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"36","article-title":"Gastrointestinal assessment and management procedures for exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"10","author":"Gaskell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aspetar Sports Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaskell, S.K., Rauch, C., and Costa, R.J.S. (2021). Gastrointestinal assessment and therapeutic intervention for the management of exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms: A case series translational and professional practice approach. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.719142"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.12.014","article-title":"Does the temperature of water ingested during exertional-heat stress influence gastrointestinal injury, symptoms, and systemic inflammatory profile?","volume":"21","author":"Snipe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1990.sp003419","article-title":"Effects of exercise intensity on absorption of ingested fluids in man","volume":"75","author":"Maughan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2018-0215","article-title":"Test-Retest Reliability of a Modified Visual Analog Scale Assessment Tool for Determining Incidence and Severity of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Response to Exercise Stress","volume":"29","author":"Gaskell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000183","article-title":"Exercise and the gut microbiome: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms, and implications for human health","volume":"47","author":"Mailing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14157","article-title":"Systematic review: Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome\u2014Implications for health and intestinal disease","volume":"46","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000907","article-title":"Perturbed energy balance and hydration status in ultra-endurance runners during a 24 h ultra-marathon","volume":"112","author":"Costa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutri."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Zhang, Z., Hu, B., Huang, W., Yuan, C., and Zou, L. (2018). Response of Gut Microbiota to Metabolite Changes Induced by Endurance Exercise. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00765"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cinca-Morros, S., and Alvarez-Herms, J. (2024). The Importance of Maintaining and Improving a Healthy Gut Microbiota in Athletes as a Preventative Strategy to Improve Heat Tolerance and Acclimatization. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061160"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2019.1597676","article-title":"Exertional-heat stress-associated gastrointestinal perturbations during olympic sports: Management strategies for athletes preparing and competing in the 2020 Tokyo olympic games","volume":"7","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Temperature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontana, F., Longhi, G., Tarracchini, C., Mancabelli, L., Lugli, G.A., Alessandri, G., Turroni, F., Milani, C., and Ventura, M. (2023). The human gut microbiome of athletes: Metagenomic and metabolic insights. Microbiome, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01470-9"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaffar, T., Ubaldi, F., Volpini, V., Valeriani, F., and Spica, V.R. (2024). The Role of Gut Microbiota in Different Types of Physical Activity and Their Intensity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12080221"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wosinska, L., Cotter, P.D., O\u2019Sullivan, O., and Guinane, C. (2019). The Potential Impact of Probiotics on the Gut Microbiome of Athletes. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102270"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"625","article-title":"The microbiome of professional athletes differs from that of more sedentary subjects in composition and particularly at the functional metabolic level","volume":"67","author":"Barton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.08.290","article-title":"Distinct microbiome composition and metabolome exists across subgroups of elite Irish athletes","volume":"23","author":"Madigan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.07.003","article-title":"Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and microbiome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Ortega","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen, L.M., Bautista, E.J., Nguyen, H., Hanson, B.M., Chen, L., Lek, S.H., Sodergren, E., and Weinstock, G.M. (2017). Community characteristics of the gut microbiomes of competitive cyclists. Microbiome, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0320-4"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/tsm2.215","article-title":"The effects of sustained fitness improvement on the gut microbiome: A longitudinal, repeated measures case-study approach","volume":"4","author":"Barton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01785-x","article-title":"The Athlete Gut Microbiome and its Relevance to Health and Performance: A Review","volume":"52","author":"Claesson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251-PUB","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-2251-PUB","article-title":"Metagenomic and Functional Analysis of Athletes Identify an Exercise-Promoting Microbiome","volume":"67","author":"Kostic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309618","article-title":"Stool consistency is strongly associated with gut microbiota richness and composition, enterotypes and bacterial growth rates","volume":"65","author":"Vandeputte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06173-x","article-title":"Mapping the Segmental Microbiomes in the Human Small Bowel in Comparison with Stool: A REIMAGINE Study","volume":"64","author":"Leite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.08.011","article-title":"Regional Diversity of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome","volume":"26","author":"Leone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"658354","article-title":"Impact of Bacterial Metabolites on Gut Barrier Function and Host Immunity: A Focus on Bacterial Metabolism and Its Relevance for Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Gasaly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sec. Mucosal. Immun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897208","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1897208","article-title":"Running after ghosts: Are dead bacteria the dark matter of the human gut microbiota?","volume":"13","author":"Bellali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"474","article-title":"Research Progress on the Impact of Gut Microbial \u201cDark Matter\u201d and Dietary Nutrition on Human Health","volume":"44","author":"Yangyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2022.09.002","article-title":"Unlocking a novel determinant of athletic performance: The role of the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and \u201cbiotics\u201d in exercise","volume":"12","author":"Sales","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1524-2095","article-title":"The Athlete and Gut Microbiome: Short-chain Fatty Acids as Potential Ergogenic Aids for Exercise and Training","volume":"42","author":"Bongiovanni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"100327","article-title":"Human gut microbiome determining athletes\u2019 performance: An insight from genomic analysis","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507952","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2025.2507952","article-title":"Training load influences gut microbiome of highly trained rowing athletes","volume":"22","author":"Charlesson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2024.05.010","article-title":"Exertional heat stress promotes the presence of bacterial DNA in plasma: A counterbalanced randomised controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Henningsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.01.035","article-title":"The gut microbiome and inflammatory profiling in athlete health","volume":"20","author":"Colbey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/20\/3275\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:26:38Z","timestamp":1760952398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/20\/3275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17203275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17203275","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]}}}