{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T22:35:54Z","timestamp":1783463754419,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Warsaw","award":["01\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Optimal postprandial glycemic control is crucial to maintain time in range (TIR:3.9\u201310.0 mmol\/L, 70\u2013180 mg\/dL) and time in tight range (TITR:3.9\u20137.8 mmol\/L, 70\u2013140 mg\/dL), both important to reduce microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, insulin dosing based on carbohydrate counting fails to compensate for delayed hyperglycemia from protein and fat. This study evaluated two advanced insulin dosing algorithms designed to improve postprandial control in adolescents with T1DM. Methods: In this randomized, prospective, double-blind, crossover trial, 58 adolescents with T1DM (median age 15.5 years) were enrolled, all using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and a continuous glucose monitoring system in non-automated mode. For two consecutive days, participants consumed standardized mixed meals for breakfast (50 g of carbohydrates, 200 kcal from protein and fat) and received an extended bolus delivered for four hours, based on the Pankowska Equation (PE, i.e., Fat-Protein Units \u00d7 Insulin-to-Carbohydrate Ratio (ICR)) and the Sieradzki Equation (SE, i.e., 30% \u00d7 Carbohydrate Units \u00d7 ICR). Postprandial glucose was monitored for five hours using a glucometer and Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM). The primary outcome was the capillary blood glucose level at predefined time points. The secondary outcomes were the frequency of hypoglycemia and glycemic variability parameters. Results: Both methods kept postprandial glucose within the recommended TIR. The SE method provided longer TITR (82.51% vs. 70.49%, p = 0.6281) and fewer hypoglycemic episodes at 180 and 300 min. Glucose levels at 60 min, were higher after PE (136 \u00b1 35.2 mg\/dL vs. 124 \u00b1 32.2 mg\/dL, p = 0.016). Conclusions: Both algorithms provided effective postprandial control after a mixed meal, but SE achieved a longer TITR and fewer late hypoglycemic events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17203287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:23:34Z","timestamp":1760952214000},"page":"3287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Impact of Two Different Insulin Dose Calculation Methods on Postprandial Glycemia After a Mixed Meal in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6295-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Dymi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetology, J\u00f3zef Polikarp Brudzi\u0144ski Public Pediatric Clinical Hospital, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0231-6784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Kowalczyk-Korcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetology, J\u00f3zef Polikarp Brudzi\u0144ski Public Pediatric Clinical Hospital, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0165-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Piechowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetology, J\u00f3zef Polikarp Brudzi\u0144ski Public Pediatric Clinical Hospital, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3407-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szypowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Diabetology, J\u00f3zef Polikarp Brudzi\u0144ski Public Pediatric Clinical Hospital, University Clinical Center of the Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-023-01359-8","article-title":"Postprandial glucose metabolism in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: Potential targets for improvement","volume":"78","author":"Maguolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. 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