{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T03:56:12Z","timestamp":1778730972533,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017530","name":"Fresenius Kabi","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council (MRC), United Kingdom","award":["MR\/P021220\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P021220\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The impact of combining animal and plant protein sources on digestibility is unclear, despite their increasing clinical use. Using a non-invasive dual stable isotope tracer approach, we assessed the digestibility, bioavailability and utilization of distinct protein blends in older adults, and associated plasma amino acid profiles and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. Methods: Thirty-two older men (69 \u00b1 3 y) consumed one of four protein blends (A (51:49, casein\/soy); B and C (35:25:20:20, whey\/casein\/soy\/pea); D (80:20, casein\/whey)) alongside primed constant infusions of [1,2-13C2] leucine for 8 h. Arterialized blood and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected during a trickle feed protocol with all blends providing 20 g total protein, universally labeled 13C-spirulina, and 2H-cell free amino acid mix to determine digestibility. This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (ID-NCT07038655). Results: No differences (13C:2H ratios) were found in digestibility between the protein blends (p &gt; 0.05). Mean (\u00b1SEM) fed state MPS at 2.5 h was 0.078 \u00b1 0.009%\/h, 0.075 \u00b1 0.012%\/h, 0.085 \u00b1 0.007%\/h and 0.065 \u00b1 0.011%\/h for drinks A, B, C and D, respectively, with a main time effect observed (p &lt; 0.01), but no significant differences between drinks. Plasma essential amino acids (EAAs) increased significantly from baseline for all blends by 40 min (p &lt; 0.05), with no differences between blends at any time point. Conclusions: These findings suggest that protein quantity (and\/or leucine content), rather than composition, appears to be the most important factor driving MPS. Future work should focus on clinical populations where protein requirements and digestibility characteristics may differ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:20:44Z","timestamp":1761196844000},"page":"3328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating the Digestibility, Bioavailability and Utilization of Protein Blends in Older Adults Using a Dual Stable Isotope Tracer Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6141-5216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COMAP Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethan E.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMAP Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Bunce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMAP Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4518-1004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Smart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMAP Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9874-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMAP Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9009-3049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Crossland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMAP Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMAP Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMAP Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-046X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Atherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMAP Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham DE22 3DT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00452.2009","article-title":"Alterations of protein turnover underlying disuse atrophy in human skeletal muscle","volume":"107","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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