{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:35:44Z","timestamp":1785353744937,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007069","name":"Oklahoma State University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH) COBRE Pilot project","award":["P30GM149368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30GM149368"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: \u03b2-Carotene oxygenase-2 (BCO2) is a mitochondrial carotenoid-cleaving enzyme expressed in multiple tissues, including the lungs. While BCO2 regulates carotenoid handling, its role in shaping pulmonary immune architecture and antiviral responses is unknown. We hypothesized that BCO2 deficiency reprograms epithelial\u2013innate circuits and alters antiviral outcomes. Methods: BCO2-knockout (KO) and C57BL\/6J wild-type (WT) mice underwent lung single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), immunoblotting, and intranasal SARS-CoV-2 challenge to assess cell-type heterogeneity, pathway programs (by gene set variation analysis, GSVA), and antiviral responses. Results: scRNA-seq resolved 14 major lung cell populations with cell-type-specific pathway shifts. Compared with WT, BCO2 KO lungs showed increased conventional dendritic cells and natural killer (NK) cells, with reductions in macrophages, B cells, and endothelial cells. In KO alveolar type II cells, GSVA indicated a stress-adapted metabolic program. Ciliated epithelium exhibited vitamin-K-responsive and axoneme-remodeling signatures with attenuated glucocorticoid and very-low-density lipoprotein remodeling. Innate lymphoid type 2 cells favored fatty acid oxidation and chromatin dynamics with reduced mitochondrial activity. NK cells were biased toward constitutive chemokine\/cytokine secretion and counter-inflammatory signaling. Immunoblotting confirmed the elevated level of interferon regulatory factor-3 protein in BCO2-KO lungs. Functionally, BCO2-KO mice had improved outcomes after intranasal SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Conclusions: Loss of BCO2 reconfigures the pulmonary immune landscape and enhances antiviral responsiveness in mice. These findings identify BCO2 as a nutrient-linked enzyme with immunomodulatory impact and highlight cell-state changes as candidate mechanisms for improved antiviral tolerance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:20:44Z","timestamp":1761196844000},"page":"3329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Single-Cell RNA-Seq Identifies Immune Remodeling in Lungs of \u03b2-Carotene Oxygenase 2 Knockout Mice with Improved Antiviral Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yashu","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4853-7931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7441-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dingbo","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winyoo","family":"Chowanadisai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7604-3627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xufang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5096-3046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiran","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenetic Medicine and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3166","article-title":"Regulating the adaptive immune response to respiratory virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Braciale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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