{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T03:24:00Z","timestamp":1791689040600,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022963","name":"Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025C02088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025C02088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"\u201cPioneer\u201d and \u201cLeading Goose\u201d R&D Program of Zhejiang","award":["2023C02028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C02028"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific Research Projects of Xianghu Laboratory","award":["2023C4S02002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023C4S02002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The water-soluble Grifola frondosa polysaccharides (GFPs) are the primary bioactive component of the edible and medicinal fungus Grifola frondosa. However, the digestive behavior of GFPs in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and their subsequent interaction with gut microbiota (GM) to exert health effects remain unclear. Methods: In this study, GFPs were extracted based on a traditional hot water decoction. An in vitro simulated GI digestion model and a human fecal microbiota fermentation model were established to systematically investigate the digestive stability of GFPs, GM modulation, and metabolite changes. Results: Results showed that GFPs remained structurally stable during in vitro oral, gastric, and small intestinal digestion, allowing them to reach the colon intact for microbial fermentation. During colonic fermentation, GFPs were efficiently degraded by GM, and significantly increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Lactobacillus while reducing the abundance of pathogenic Escherichia-Shigella. Meanwhile, GFPs enriched metabolites beneficial for intestinal health, among which \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was the most significantly upregulated. Single-strain fermentation confirmed that Lactobacillus (L. plantarum) was the core GABA-producing genus. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of GFPs as prebiotics for GM modulation, expands the understanding of the health-promoting effects of fungal polysaccharides, and provides a theoretical basis for the development of GFP-based functional foods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T01:35:11Z","timestamp":1761269711000},"page":"3332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion of Grifola frondosa Polysaccharides and Their Enhancement of GABA Production via Gut Microbiota Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qingchi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Processing and Engineering, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266400, China"},{"name":"School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huabo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China"},{"name":"School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China"},{"name":"School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyuan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China"},{"name":"Horticulture Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiguo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Processing and Engineering, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengshun","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou 311231, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2022.100946","article-title":"Recent advances in Grifola frondosa polysaccharides: Production, properties, and bioactivities","volume":"49","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.11.017","article-title":"New light on Grifola frondosa polysaccharides as biological response modifiers","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2022.100907","article-title":"Effect of \u03b2-glucan on metabolic diseases: A review from the gut microbiota perspective","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.07.008","article-title":"Health benefits of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide on intestinal microbiota in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122517","article-title":"Grifola frondosa polysaccharide\u2019s therapeutic potential in oxazolone-induced ulcerative colitis","volume":"344","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.035","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: An integrative view","volume":"148","author":"Clemente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2022.04.010","article-title":"A critical review on interplay between dietary fibers and gut microbiota","volume":"124","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00712-1","article-title":"Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in the gut microbiome","volume":"20","author":"Wardman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1755949","article-title":"Polysaccharides: Bowel health and gut microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116942","article-title":"The impact of mushroom polysaccharides on gut microbiota and its beneficial effects to host: A review","volume":"250","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1884841","article-title":"In vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation models and their applications in food carbohydrates","volume":"62","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00537-x","article-title":"An in vitro batch fermentation protocol for studying the contribution of food to gut microbiota composition and functionality","volume":"16","author":"Molino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111005","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of Sparassis crispa polysaccharide characteristics during the in vitro digestion and fermentation model","volume":"154","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.108989","article-title":"Comprehensive assessment of Hypsizygus marmoreus polysaccharides through simulated digestion and gut microbiota fermentation in vitro","volume":"144","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","article-title":"Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances","volume":"28","author":"DuBois","year":"1956","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.243","article-title":"Extraction, purification and characterization of sulphated polysaccharide from Bellamya quadrata and its stabilization roles on atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"152","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125686","article-title":"Optimization of synthesis of carbohydrates and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP) by response surface methodology (RSM) for improved carbohydrate detection","volume":"309","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162910","article-title":"Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide counteracts cadmium-induced gut injury in mice via modulating gut inflammation, gut microbiota and intestinal barrier","volume":"877","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.163","article-title":"Effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction on antioxidant activity and bidirectional immunomodulatory activity of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide","volume":"140","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0119-1","article-title":"INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion","volume":"14","author":"Brodkorb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Ma, M., Dai, W., Shang, Q., and Yu, G. (2024). Bacteroides salyersiae is a potent chondroitin sulfate-degrading species in the human gut microbiota. Microbiome, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01768-2"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.109204","article-title":"Digestion under saliva, simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions and fermentation in vitro by human gut microbiota of polysaccharides from Ficus carica Linn","volume":"146","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.109940","article-title":"In vitro fermentation characteristics and interaction of neutral and acidic polysaccharides from Lycii fructus on human gut microbiota","volume":"152","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.135010","article-title":"In vitro fermentation of heparin by the human gut microbiota: Changes in the microbiota community and metabolic functions","volume":"406","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48770-8","article-title":"Binding of Akkermansia muciniphila to mucin is O-glycan specific","volume":"15","author":"Elzinga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2746","article-title":"How glycan metabolism shapes the human gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Koropatkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.07.009","article-title":"Collateral damage: Microbiota-derived metabolites and immune function in the antibiotic era","volume":"16","author":"Lopez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108280","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2108280","article-title":"Fatty acids produced by the gut microbiota dampen host inflammatory responses by modulating intestinal SUMOylation","volume":"14","author":"Ezzine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106321","article-title":"The gut-lung axis in severe acute Pancreatitis-associated lung injury: The protection by the gut microbiota through short-chain fatty acids","volume":"182","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.08.088","article-title":"Investigations of Bacteroides spp. towards next-generation probiotics","volume":"116","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1517725","article-title":"A next generation probiotic, Akkermansia muciniphila","volume":"59","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922241","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1922241","article-title":"Parabacteroides distasonis: Intriguing aerotolerant gut anaerobe with emerging antimicrobial resistance and pathogenic and probiotic roles in human health","volume":"13","author":"Ezeji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140346","article-title":"Anti-inflammation mechanisms of a homogeneous polysaccharide from Phyllanthus emblica L. on DSS induced colitis mice via the gut microbiota and metabolites alteration","volume":"459","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1803198","article-title":"Polysaccharides catabolism by the human gut bacterium\u2014Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron: Advances and perspectives","volume":"61","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00631-9","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: Paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms","volume":"19","author":"Cani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Ji, H., Wang, S., Liu, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, D., and Wang, Y. (2018). Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum promotes intestinal barrier function by strengthening the epithelium and modulating gut microbiota. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01953"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03936B","article-title":"Strategies for improvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis via lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation","volume":"14","author":"Pannerchelvan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2018.12.012","article-title":"Revisit gut microbiota and its impact on human health and disease","volume":"27","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.10.074","article-title":"Digestion under saliva, simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions and fermentation in vitro by human intestinal microbiota of polysaccharides from Fuzhuan brick tea","volume":"244","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109858","article-title":"Review of the relationships among polysaccharides, gut microbiota, and human health","volume":"140","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7794","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO00775A","article-title":"In vitro fermentation reveals an interplay relationship between oat \u03b2-glucan and human gut Bacteroides and their potential role in regulating gut cytokines","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S100","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.048","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids impact on intestinal adaptation, inflammation, carcinoma, and failure","volume":"130","author":"Kles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-00937-7","article-title":"Key bacterial taxa and metabolic pathways affecting gut short-chain fatty acid profiles in early life","volume":"15","author":"Tsukuda","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2852","article-title":"The gut microbiota suppresses insulin-mediated fat accumulation via the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43","volume":"4","author":"Kimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.013","article-title":"Microbiota-produced succinate improves glucose homeostasis via intestinal gluconeogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Zitoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-304833","article-title":"A decrease of the butyrate-producing species Roseburia hominis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii defines dysbiosis in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"63","author":"Machiels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Sun, M., Mu, G., and Tuo, Y. (2024). Exopolysaccharide secreted by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y12 showed inhibitory effect on the pathogenicity of Shigella flexneri in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 261.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129478"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2022020189","article-title":"Expansion of Escherichia-Shigella in gut is associated with the onset and response to immunosuppressive therapy of IgA nephropathy","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1203286","article-title":"Short chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids in host gut health and foodborne bacterial pathogen inhibition","volume":"57","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250066","article-title":"The role of a novel antibacterial substance, cyclic opine-producing Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LS8 in ameliorating ulcerative colitis: A fecal microbiota transplantation study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927633","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1927633","article-title":"Gut Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease by regulating the metabolism of L-aspartate via gut-liver axis","volume":"13","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848158","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1848158","article-title":"Gut Bacteroides species in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Zafar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2024.104492","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus fermentation on the structural feature, physicochemical property, and bioactivity of plant and fungal polysaccharides: A review","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Luo, D., Guan, J., Chen, J., and Xu, X. (2022). Mushroom polysaccharides with potential in anti-diabetes: Biological mechanisms, extraction, and future perspectives: A review. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1087826"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5512","DOI":"10.1021\/pr2007945","article-title":"The footprints of gut microbial\u2013mammalian co-metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8852","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2204373","article-title":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): A comprehensive review of dietary sources, enrichment technologies, processing effects, health benefits, and its applications","volume":"64","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111801","article-title":"Enrichment of gamma-aminobutyric acid in foods: From conventional methods to innovative technologies","volume":"162","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.07.017","article-title":"Effects of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid supplementation on glucose control in adults with prediabetes: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"118","author":"Witkamp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Miao, K., Niyaphorn, S., and Qu, X. (2020). Production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from lactic acid bacteria: A systematic review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030995"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.3839\/jksabc.2010.123","article-title":"Enhancement of \u03b3-amminobutyric acid production by Lactobacillus sakei B2\u201316 expressing glutamate decarboxylase from Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917","volume":"53","author":"Kook","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8698","article-title":"Evaluation of improved \u03b3-aminobutyric acid production in yogurt using Lactobacillus plantarum NDC75017","volume":"98","author":"Shan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-019-1237-3","article-title":"Unravelling the diversity of glycoside hydrolase family 13 \u03b1-amylases from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1","volume":"18","author":"Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Due\u00f1as, M.T., and L\u00f3pez, P. (2022). Functional analysis of lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacteria and their effects on human health. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11152293"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.107040","article-title":"Unveiling the prebiotic properties of mushrooms in improving gut health and related diseases","volume":"70","author":"Francis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90400-2","article-title":"Activation of GABA receptors in the hypothalamus stimulates secretion of growth hormone and prolactin","volume":"374","author":"Willoughby","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/21\/3332\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T04:14:10Z","timestamp":1761365650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/21\/3332"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17213332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17213332","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]}}}