{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T07:40:44Z","timestamp":1761550844311,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015082","name":"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-203-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-203-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of motor function, which affects mobility and leads to secondary complications, including altered dietary intake due to dysphagia, fatigue, and hypermetabolism, particularly affecting vitamin consumption, which are essential micronutrients for neuromuscular performance. The specific relationship between vitamin intake and muscle activation is not well understood in patients with ALS; thus, it is relevant to identify blood biomarkers that reflect muscle status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 61 patients with bulbar- or spinal-onset ALS. The dietary intake of B vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B12, folate, and niacin); vitamins C, A, D, and E; and the B6\/protein ratio were assessed using a seven-day dietary record and a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Blood concentrations of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), albumin, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) were determined. Basal muscle activation was measured using surface electromyography of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior muscles. Two confirmatory predictive models were developed to evaluate the effects of muscle damage and vitamin intake on muscle strength. Results: Arm muscle activation was negatively predicted by the B6\/protein ratio (\u03b2 = \u22120.33). Leg activation was positively predicted by vitamin B9 (\u03b2 = 0.39) and B6\/protein (\u03b2 = 0.17) and negatively predicted by vitamin A (\u03b2 = \u22120.24). For biomarkers, albumin (\u03b2 = 0.18) and PON1 (\u03b2 = 0.28) positively predicted activation. For legs, albumin predicted activation (\u03b2 = 0.31), whereas BuChE and haptoglobin predicted negative activation (\u03b2 = \u22120.32 and \u03b2 = \u22120.15, respectively). Conclusions: Weak associations were observed in patients with ALS: vitamin B9 intake showed a modest association with leg activation, the B6\/protein ratio exhibited inconsistent associations across muscle groups, and vitamin A showed a negative association with leg activation. Albumin demonstrated the most consistent association as a potential biomarker of muscle function. These findings are exploratory and require validation in larger, longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T07:31:58Z","timestamp":1761550318000},"page":"3345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary Vitamin Intake and Blood Biomarkers in Relation to Muscle Activation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6808-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Enrique","family":"de la Rubia Ort\u00ed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9212-0135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Bargues-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Institute (IIS) La Fe, La Fe Polytechnic and University Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1511-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Privado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Menarques-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2660-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Emmanuela","family":"Sanchis-Sanchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Sancho-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9293-4147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Peres","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u2018Campus Mare Nostrum\u2019, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5398-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Pardo-Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence \u2018Campus Mare Nostrum\u2019, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3342-6732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Benlloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5089-8427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00edn-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Functional Evaluation, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.04.007","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: An update for 2018","volume":"93","author":"Oskarsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. 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