{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:09:09Z","timestamp":1785337749166,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: We evaluated serum and urinary biomarkers of bone and energy metabolism in an ovine osteoporosis model (Control, OVX, OVXD, OVXDS) at 0\/3\/8 months (M). Methods: Morning sampling; DXA (ROI \u2018abdominal width\u2019) and linear mixed models for repeated measures. Results: Only OVXDS showed severe DXA loss (Z-scores \u22123.29 at 3 M; \u22124.86 at 8 M), with \u224820% and \u224830% BMD reductions at 3 M and 8 M versus controls. OVX and OVXD remained within age-expected Z-score ranges at 8 M. At 3 M, OVXDS had hypocalcemia, markedly elevated UFEP, near-zero 25-OH-vitamin-D, and suppressed osteocalcin\/NTX (depressed turnover). By 8 M, osteocalcin rose in OVXDS while NTX stayed low, consistent with altered coupling under chronic glucocorticoids and vitamin D deficiency. OVXD showed milder, later changes. Fructosamine and insulin were transiently higher in OVXDS at 3 M; IGF-1 was stable across groups\/time. Conclusions: Combined ovariectomy, calcium\/vitamin-D-deficient diet, and glucocorticoids produce the clearest biomarker signature and DXA loss. Assay cross-reactivity limited PTH\/DKK-1\/cathepsin-K measurement in sheep; we summarize DXA outcomes and expand assay limitations and future validation plans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T07:31:58Z","timestamp":1761550318000},"page":"3353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metabolic Disruption in Osteoporotic Sheep: Evaluating Vitamin D Deficiency and Cortisone Effects via Biochemical Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9864-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gero","family":"Knapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Langenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Frankfurter-Strasse 126, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natali","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Frankfurter-Strasse 126, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"St\u00f6tzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Heiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Biruni University, Istanbul 34015, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3834-9630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Jahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Alzweiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-5062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Biehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Strasse 7, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1187-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thaqif","family":"El Khassawna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 128, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.04.063","article-title":"Clinical and therapeutic aspects of osteoporosis","volume":"71","author":"Compston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. 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